Ulcerative mycosis: a serious menhaden disease of the southeastern coastal fisheries of the United States

Dykstra, Michael J.; Levine, Jay F.; Noga, Edward J.; Hawkins, Jess H.; Gerdes, Paul D.; Hargis, William J.; Grier, Harry J.; Strake, Diane Te

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1989.tb00289.x

Cited by 51 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This result may be attributed due to the fact that gills are rich in blood vessels and directly exposed to water whereas white muscles of fish generally contain few mitochondria. This interpretation is in agreement with that reported by Dykstra et al (1989) and Bone (1978). Several authors reported the prevalence of anaerobic oxidation in white muscles resulting from the limited number of mitochondria (Virani & Rees 2000, Rees et al 2001.…”

Section: Oxidative Stress Biomarkerssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…*Significantly different from control (p < 0.05) Aphanomyces to induce ulceration in fish (Dykstra et al 1989, Dykstra & Kane 2000, Kiryu et al 2003, Sosa et al 2007) but data regarding oxidant or antioxidant status in response to such fungal infections are not available in literature. The present study showed that LPO level in gills of fish exposed to the 2 infection agents was strongly increased but was not affected in muscles of fish compared with the control.…”

Section: Oxidative Stress Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenicity and oxidative stress in Nile tilapia caused by Aphanomyces laevis and Phoma herbarum isolated from farmed fish

Ali¹,

Hashem²,

Al-Salahy³

2011

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Identified (n = 17) and unidentified (n = 1) fish-pathogenic fungal species from 10 genera of Oomycetes and soil fungi were isolated from 40 infected freshwater fish samples of the species Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (Nile tilapia) and Clarias gariepinus (African catfish). Samples were collected from various fish farms in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Nile tilapia were tested in aquaria for their susceptibility to the commonest Oomycetes species, Aphanomyces laevis and Achlya klebsiana, and also against the 2 most prevalent pathogenic soil fungi, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Phoma herbarum. Two techniques were used: water bath exposure and intramuscular (subcutaneous) injection. Water bath exposure to the 2 species of Oomycetes caused greater mortalities of O. niloticus niloticus than intramuscular injection, but the reverse was true of the soil fungal species. Regardless of the infection method, the 2 Oomycetes species were more potent pathogens than the soil fungal species. In both gills and mytomal muscles of fish infected by A. laevis and P. herbarum, we measured and compared with controls the oxidative stress parameters total peroxide (TP), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO), as well as levels of the antioxidants vitamin E and glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Infection by these 2 fungal species through either spore suspension or spore injection significantly increased oxidative damage in gills and induced marked decrease in most studied antioxidants. In addition, both routes showed similar effects and A. laevis depressed the antioxidants CAT, vitamin E and GSH more than P. herbarum.

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Section: Oxidative Stress Biomarkerssupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Oxidative Stress Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity and oxidative stress in Nile tilapia caused by Aphanomyces laevis and Phoma herbarum isolated from farmed fish

Ali¹,

Hashem²,

Al-Salahy³

2011

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Menhaden ulcers are characterized histologically by the consistent presence of deeply penetrating fungal hyphae, extensive myodegeneration, and a special type of host cellular defensive response called granulomatous inflammation directed at the fungal agent (6,14). This type of response is typically elicited in vertebrates by infections that are difficult for a host to kill and degrade and is composed predominantly of a mononuclear phagocyte called the macrophage (24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In North Carolina the condition was referred to as ulcerative mycosis (UM) (2), but Hargis (1) called it ulcer disease syndrome because he did not consistently observe fungal hyphae in lesions from Chesapeake Bay fishes. Investigators from both regions considered lesion etiology to be complex, with other environmental factors including high levels of precipitation, agricultural runoff, or nutrient loading playing probable roles in disease expression (6). Massive fish kills were attributed to the disease in North Carolina estuaries (3), and the disease has recurred frequently in subsequent years.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin ulcers in estuarine fishes: a comparative pathological evaluation of wild and laboratory-exposed fish.

Vogelbein

Shields

Haas

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

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The toxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger & Burkholder has recently been implicated as the etiologic agent of acute mass mortalities and skin ulcers in menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, and other fishes from mid-Atlantic U.S. estuaries. However, evidence for this association is largely circumstantial and controversial. We exposed tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) to Pfiesteria shumwayae Glasgow & Burkholder (identification based on scanning electron microscopy and molecular analyses) and compared the resulting pathology to the so-called Pfiesteria-specific lesions occurring in wild menhaden. The tilapia challenged by high concentrations (2,000-12,000 cells/mL) of P. shumwayaeexhibited loss of mucus coat and scales plus mild petecchial hemorrhage, but no deeply penetrating chronic ulcers like those in wild menhaden. Histologically, fish exhibited epidermal erosion with bacterial colonization but minimal associated inflammation. In moribund fish, loss of epidermis was widespread over large portions of the body. Similar erosion occurred in the mucosa lining the oral and branchial cavities. Gills exhibited epithelial lifting, loss of secondary lamellar structure, and infiltration by lymphoid cells. Epithelial lining of the lateral line canal (LLC) and olfactory organs exhibited severe necrosis. Visceral organs, kidney, and neural tissues (brain, spinal cord, ganglia, peripheral nerves) were histologically normal. An unexpected finding was the numerous P. shumwayae cells adhering to damaged skin, skin folds, scale pockets, LLC, and olfactory tissues. In contrast, histologic evaluation of skin ulcers in over 200 wild menhaden from Virginia and Maryland portions of the Chesapeake Bay and the Pamlico Estuary, North Carolina, revealed that all ulcers harbored a deeply invasive, highly pathogenic fungus now known to be Aphanomyces invadans. In menhaden the infection always elicited severe myonecrosis and intense granulomatous myositis. The consistent occurrence of this fungus and the nature and severity of the resulting inflammatory response indicate that these ulcers are chronic (age >1 week) and of an infectious etiology, not the direct result of an acute toxicosis initiated by Pfiesteria toxin(s) as recently hypothesized. The disease therefore is best called ulcerative mycosis (UM). This study indicates that the pathology of Pfiesteria laboratory exposure is fundamentally different from that of UM in menhaden; however, we cannot rule out Pfiesteria as one of many possible early initiators predisposing wild fishes to fungal infection in some circumstances.

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“…In the present study, a wide range of EUS, RSD and MG isolates were compared by SDS-PAGE, as well as a variety of Oomycete saprophytes and fungi from other diseases of aquatic animals, namely ulcerative mycosis (UM) (Dykstra et al 1989), crayfish plague (Alderman 1993) and saprolegniasis (Bruno & Stamps 1987). An attempt was made to characterize strain-specific bands using various stains, lectins and polyclonal antibodies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Aphanomyces invadans by electrophoretic and Western blot analysis

Lilley¹,

Thompson²,

Adams³

1997

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Fungal mycelium extracts were subjected to gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis with various lectins and polyclonal antisera. These techniques succeeded in identifying bands specific to pathogenic Aphanomyces strains from fish affected by epizootic ulcerative syndrome, redspot disease and mycotic granulomatosis when compared to various other Oomycete fungi. It is concluded that these isolates are conspecific under the name Aphanomyces invadans [previously described by Willoughby et al. 1995 (J Fish Dis 18:273-235) as A. invaderis] and the various protein and carbohydrate bands identified may provide useful species-specific taxonomic markers. Besides the distinctive band profiles for A. invadanson gels subjected to various stains, lectins revealed a specific 45 kDa component, and polyclonal antisera highlighted an imn~unogenic 10 kDa band. Peroxidase and fluorescein conjugated antisera provided an effective diagnostic tool for identifying hyphae in infected fish tissue.

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Ulcerative mycosis: a serious menhaden disease of the southeastern coastal fisheries of the United States

Cited by 51 publications

References 8 publications

Pathogenicity and oxidative stress in Nile tilapia caused by Aphanomyces laevis and Phoma herbarum isolated from farmed fish

Pathogenicity and oxidative stress in Nile tilapia caused by Aphanomyces laevis and Phoma herbarum isolated from farmed fish

Skin ulcers in estuarine fishes: a comparative pathological evaluation of wild and laboratory-exposed fish.

Characterization of Aphanomyces invadans by electrophoretic and Western blot analysis

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