Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in High School Baseball Players

Petty, Damon H.; Andrews, James R.; Fleisig, Glenn S.; Cain, E. Lyle

doi:10.1177/0363546503262166

Cited by 334 publications

(368 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…7,17 The UCL is the primary stabilizer against valgus stress at the elbow, 8,13 and disruption of this ligament can lead to instability during the late cocking phase of the throwing motion. 7,12 It has been reported that the number of UCL reconstructions in high school baseball players has risen dramatically, due in part to the year-round opportunities for competition and training.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,12 It has been reported that the number of UCL reconstructions in high school baseball players has risen dramatically, due in part to the year-round opportunities for competition and training. 17 The etiology of UCL injury is likely multifactorial. Kibler and Sciascia 11 proposed that inadequate range of motion (ROM) and poor balance may significantly affect an athlete's ability to transfer energy along the kinetic chain, resulting in dysfunctional movement and increased stresses at various segments, including the elbow.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Baseball Players Diagnosed With Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tears Demonstrate Decreased Balance Compared to Healthy Controls

Garrison¹,

Arnold²,

Macko³

et al. 2013

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

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Study Design Cross-sectional. Objectives To compare lower extremity balance and shoulder range of motion in baseball players with ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears to a healthy cohort. Background Throwing is a complex motion that requires balance and coordination to effectively transfer energy through the kinetic chain. In theory, poorer balance could negatively affect throwing mechanics and lead to injury. Methods Thirty baseball players (mean ± SD age, 18.5 ± 1.9 years) with a diagnosis of a UCL tear of their throwing arm were compared to 30 players (age, 19.0 ± 1.1 years) without a UCL tear. All participants were competing at either the high school or collegiate level and reported an average ± SD of 13.5 ± 1.7 years of playing experience. The Y Balance Test composite scores were calculated for the stance and lead lower extremities of all players. Shoulder range of motion was used to calculate glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and side-to-side differences in total rotational motion. Group comparisons were made between participants with and without UCL tears using independent t tests. Results Baseball players with UCL tears scored significantly lower on the Y Balance Test for both the stance (P<.001) and lead (P<.001) lower extremities compared to the noninjured cohort. No between-group differences were noted in glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (P = .453), whereas the mean ± SD side-to-side difference in total rotational motion was −6.0° ± 9.6° for the injured group, compared to −0.4° ± 9.6° for the control group (P = .028). Conclusion Participants with a UCL tear demonstrated decreased performance for their stance and lead lower extremities during the Y Balance Test. These data are consistent with a clinical hypothesis of a potential association between impaired balance and UCL tears in high school and collegiate baseball players. The lower total rotational motion of the dominant shoulder in participants with UCL tears needs to be considered in the interpretation of those results. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(10):752–758. Epub 9 September 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4680

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Baseball Players Diagnosed With Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tears Demonstrate Decreased Balance Compared to Healthy Controls

Garrison¹,

Arnold²,

Macko³

et al. 2013

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

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“…The average age of all pitchers was 17 years (range [15][16][17][18]. The players pitched on average 2.2 seasons previously at the high school level.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast-Pitch Softball Pitchers Experience a Significant Increase in Pain and Fatigue During a Single High School Season

Yang

Stepan

Dvoracek

et al. 2016

HSS Journal®: The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Speci

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Background: Fast-pitch softball is one of the fastest growing sports, but there is little research regarding pitcher fatigue. Currently, there are no pitch limits or game counts. Questions/Purposes: To study the effect of fatigue on youth fast-pitch softball pitchers during a high school season, we hypothesized increased games pitched during the season would correlate with increased player-reported pain and fatigue and decreased with upper extremity strength and range of motion (ROM). Methods: This prospective crosssectional study evaluated pre-and postgame shoulder and elbow strength, ROM, pain, and fatigue in 17 high school fast-pitch softball pitchers. These measures were recorded at two games, one at the beginning and one at the end of the season. Pitch count and number of games pitched during the season were recorded. We compared pre-and postgame measurements and measurements made at the beginning and end of the season. Results: Supraspinatus, forward flexion strength, and external rotation strength in abduction decreased significantly postgame compared to pregame. Pregame pain and fatigue increased with a greater number of games pitched during the season. Forward flexion, supraspinatus, and external rotation strength decreased with increasing number of games pitched during the season. Conclusions: Fast-pitch softball pitchers experience increased pain and fatigue during a single game and over the entire season. The increase in fatigue may predispose the player to injury. Further studies are needed to understand the relationship of pain and fatigue with predisposition to injury.

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“…This is easily demonstrated by observing the significant increase in the number of Major League Baseball pitchers who have undergone UCL reconstruction between the years 1986 and 2012 [11•]. Further proof of this upsurge is noted when considering the alarming increase in high school athletes undergoing this same surgery [12].…”

Section: Valgus Instabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pitcher’s elbow: medial elbow pain in the overhead-throwing athlete

Rossy

2016

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med

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Overhead athletes subject their elbows to significant valgus stresses throughout the throwing cycle. A steady rise in the number of medial-sided elbow injuries over the years has lead to increased awareness regarding the pathophysiology of the Bpitcher's elbow.^As our understanding of the functional anatomy and throwing biomechanics has become more sophisticated, we have seen a concurrent improvement in the outcomes associated with managing these injuries. Despite this improvement, continued anatomical and biomechanical research is still needed to further optimize outcomes and return to sport.

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Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in High School Baseball Players

Cited by 334 publications

References 9 publications

Baseball Players Diagnosed With Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tears Demonstrate Decreased Balance Compared to Healthy Controls

Baseball Players Diagnosed With Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tears Demonstrate Decreased Balance Compared to Healthy Controls

Fast-Pitch Softball Pitchers Experience a Significant Increase in Pain and Fatigue During a Single High School Season

Pitcher’s elbow: medial elbow pain in the overhead-throwing athlete

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