“…For analysis of the internal mechanics in collisions and grounding, the rectangular plate element, the stiffened panel element, and the gap/contact element have been developed Pedersen, 1996, Paik andThayamballi, 2003). Ueda and Rashed (1991) and Yao (2005) reviewed some advances in ISUM which has been applied for various purposes such as ultimate strength analysis of ship structures (Paik et al, , 2001b, ship collision analysis (Paik et al, 1999, Brown et al, 2000 and collapse analysis of tubular offshore structures (Moan et al, 1985).…”