Ultra‐fast liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for the rapid phenolic profiling of red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves

Abstract

The red maple (Acer rubrum) species is economically important to North America because of its sap, which is used to produce maple syrup. In addition, various other red maple plant parts, including leaves, were used as a traditional medicine by the Native Americans. Currently, red maple leaves are being used for nutraceutical and cosmetic applications but there are no published analytical methods for comprehensive phytochemical characterization of this material. Herein, a rapid and sensitive method using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was developed to characterize the phenolics in a methanol extract of red maple leaves and a proprietary phenolic-enriched red maple leaves extract (Maplifa™). Time-of-flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry experiments led to the identification of 106 phenolic compounds in red maples leaves with the vast majority of these compounds also detected in Maplifa™. The compounds included 68 gallotannins, 25 flavonoids, gallic acid, quinic acid, catechin, epicatechin, and nine other gallic acid derivatives among which 11 are potentially new and 75 are being reported from red maple for the first time. The developed method to characterize red maple leaves phenolics is rapid and highly sensitive and could aid in future standardization and quality control of this botanical ingredient.

Activity of catechins and their applications

“…BP-4, a soluble UVB filter, can stabilise EGCG to produce effective anti-oxidants. Catechin preparations made with lipid ingredients are less stable in heat, so it is necessary to Gallego et al 2017, Spizzirri et al 2009, Nadim et al 2014, Feng et al 2014, Feng et al 2013, Zhong and Shahidi 2011, Muhammad et al 2014, Li and Seeram 2018, Choi et al 2018, Shoko et al 2018, Lima et al 2016 UV protection Improve the stability of catechins in sunlight and increase the UV protection effect Zhang et al 2016, Yoshino et al 2013, Niu et al 2017, Huang et al 2007, Martincigh and Ollengo 2016, Parisi et al 2012, Kim et al 2012, Xia et al 2005 Anti-microbial activities Demonstrates anti-microbial activity and develops pharmaceuticals and functional cosmetics de Oliveira et al 2017, Aoshima et al 2009, Goyal et al 2017 Anti-allergenic and antiinflammatory activities…”

“…Flavonoids and triterpenoids from the fruit of Alphitonia neocaledonica have cytotoxicity, anti-oxidant, and anti-tyrosinase activities and are useful cosmetic ingredients (Muhammad et al 2014). Approximately 106 phenolic compounds have been found using liquid chromatography assays coupled with electrospray ionisation for rapid profiling of phenolic compounds from red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves (Li and Seeram 2018). Bamboo stem extracts have demonstrated anti-melanogenic and anti-oxidative activities in a cell-free system and B16F10 melanoma cells (Choi et al 2018).…”

Levodopa-Reduced Mucuna pruriens Seed Extract Shows Neuroprotective Effects against Parkinson’s Disease in Murine Microglia and Human Neuroblastoma Cells, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster

“…L-dopa was quantified by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI–MS/MS) using methods and parameters published by our group and others with some modifications [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. L-dopa quantifications were performed on a prominence ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) system (Shimadzu, Marlborough, MA, USA) coupled with a QTRAP 4500 system (Applied Biosystems/MDS Sciex, Framingham, MA, USA) with data acquired using Analyst 1.6.3 software and processed using MultiQuant 3.0.1 software (Sciex, Framingham, MA, USA).…”

Inducing Plant Defense Reactions in Tobacco Plants with Phenolic-Rich Extracts from Red Maple Leaves: A Characterization of Main Active Ingredients

“…The present work is focused on red maple (Acer rubrum L. 1753) trees that are largely distributed in Europe with the objective of determining which PPs could be responsible for the PDI properties of their leaf extracts. The red maple leaves are enriched in PPs and numerous phenolic compounds have been identified in aerial parts of Acer species, among them gallate derivatives and gallotannins [26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Structurally, these compounds have a high content in aromatic hydroxyl groups providing free-radical scavengers to module cell redox balance [33].…”