Ultra-high-purity iron is a novel and very compatible biomaterial

Khan, Luqman; Sato, Katsumi; Okuyama, Shuhei; Kobayashi, Takashi; Ohashi, Kazumasa; Hirasaka, Katsuya; Nikawa, Takeshi; Takada, Kunio; Higashitani, Akihiro; Abiko, K.

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103744

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…For example, so-called 'Abiko' ultra high pure (UHP) iron has 99.99997 wt% purity [7,8] and is obtained using vacuum-refining of conventional electrolytic iron that is typically 99.9 wt% pure. (UHP iron is expensive-around AUD 4000/tonne for 99.95 wt% pure iron and AUD 100,000-200,000/tonne for 99.9997 wt% [9]). Besides their low content of impurities, these UHP irons typically have very small grain sizes (<1 µm) and are very smooth with shiny exterior surfaces, which is attributed to the slow solidification during manufacture.…”

Section: Classical Models For Corrosion Initiation and Early Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, highly inhomogeneous grain structures also have been noted, with, in some cases, grain sizes reaching up to 1-2 mm in diameter and up to 10 mm in length [10]. Despite their many grain boundaries and their wide diversity in grain size, very low rates of corrosion, including pitting corrosion, were observed for UHP irons, even in low-pH environments, such as hydrochloric acid [9,11]. The immediate conclusion is that grain size and grain complexity are not, in themselves, drivers for corrosion, which is likely attributable to the very slight differences in the electrochemical potential that would be associated with grain boundaries.…”

Section: Classical Models For Corrosion Initiation and Early Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Corrosion at the Steel–Medium Interface

Melchers

2024

CMD

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Corrosion on the interface between a metal alloy, such as steel, and a wet, permeable non-metallic medium is of considerable practical interest. Examples include the interface between steel and water, the atmosphere or concrete, as for steel reinforcement bars; between metal and soil, as for buried cast iron or steel pipes; deposits of some type, as in under-deposit corrosion; and the interface with insulation, protective coatings, or macro- or micro-biological agents. In all cases, corrosion initiation depends on the characteristics of the interfacial zone, both of the metal and the medium, and the spatial variability. For (near-)homogeneous semi-infinite media with good interfacial contact, the pitting, crevices and general corrosion of the metal will be largely controlled by the metal (micro-)characteristics, including its inclusions, imperfections and surface roughness. In other cases, these may be overshadowed by the macro-characteristics of the medium and the degree of interfacial contact, possibly with severe resulting corrosion. Where the build-up of corrosion products can occur at the interface, they will dominate longer-term corrosion and govern the long-term corrosion rate. For media of finite thickness, diffusion issues and material deterioration may also be involved. The practical implications are outlined. It is argued that with the presence of a suitable medium, it is possible to achieve negligible long-term corrosion but only if certain practical actions are taken.

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Section: Classical Models For Corrosion Initiation and Early Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Classical Models For Corrosion Initiation and Early Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion at the Steel–Medium Interface

Melchers

2024

CMD

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“…For orthopedic applications, too slow a degradation rate may impede tissue regeneration, limit force transfer to growing bone, and result in stress shielding [ 138 ]. More importantly, the recommended human intake of Fe is 6–20 mg daily, too excessive concentrations can produce toxicity, including inflammation, increased free radicals, and damage to lipid membranes, proteins, and DNA [ 139 , 140 ]. An increase in surface to volume ratio may also increase the degradation rate of this metal, keeping it in line with the respective regeneration rates of bone and vascular tissues [ 139 ].…”

Section: Metal Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D printing metal implants in orthopedic surgery: Methods, applications and future prospects

Meng,

Wang,

Huang

et al. 2023

Journal of Orthopaedic Translation

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“…High-purity metallic iron is an important raw material that can be used to produce magnetic materials, iron castings, biomaterial, and photoelectric devices, etc., owing to its intrinsic characteristics, good corrosion resistance, low yield strength, excellent conductivity and soft magnetic properties. [1][2][3][4][5] Conventional production processes for industrial pure iron are based on blast furnace smelting with high CO 2 emissions and energy intensive. In addition, a combination of purification processes is often required to produce high-purity iron (at least 99.9%, 3N).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Electrodeposition of High-Purity Iron from Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in Molten Calcium Chloride

Pang,

Li,

Chen

et al. 2024

ISIJ Int.

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The low-cost production of high-purity metallic iron is of great practical importance. Herein, we report the direct production of high-purity metallic iron (99.92 %) via a one-step electrochemical strategy in molten CaCl 2 -CaO-Fe 2 O 3 system at 850 o C. The involved CaO-assisted dissolution of Fe 2 O 3 and electrodeposition mechanism were systematically studied, and the obtained iron products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, inductively-coupled high-frequency plasma emission spectrometry, and glow discharge mass spectrometry. The results show that the crystalline iron products with tunable morphologies can be obtained in a controlled manner. The electrolysis parameters (voltage, current density, electrodeposition time and substrate material) have significant effects on the electrodeposition process and the characteristics of iron products. In particular, highpurity dense iron film can be directly electrodeposited at 15 mA•cm −2 , and its thickness increases considerably with increasing electrodeposition time. Furthermore, the as-deposited iron product can also be processed into bulk iron materials with high-purity of 99.995 wt.% by plasma melting for the potential applications. In general, this one-step electrodeposition process provides an acid-/alkalinefree strategy for the facile production of high-purity iron materials direct from Fe 2 O 3 .

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Ultra-high-purity iron is a novel and very compatible biomaterial

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Corrosion at the Steel–Medium Interface

Corrosion at the Steel–Medium Interface

3D printing metal implants in orthopedic surgery: Methods, applications and future prospects

Direct Electrodeposition of High-Purity Iron from Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in Molten Calcium Chloride

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