Ultra-Low-Cost Design of Ripple Carry Adder to Design Nanoelectronics in QCA Nanotechnology

Abstract

Due to the development of integrated circuits and the lack of responsiveness to existing technology, researchers are looking for an alternative technology. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology is one of the promising alternatives due to its higher switch speed, lower power dissipation, and higher device density. One of the most important and widely used circuits in digital logic calculations is the full adder (FA) circuit, which actually creates the problem of finding its optimal design and increasing performance. In this paper, we designed and implemented two new FA circuits in QCA technology and then implemented ripple carry adder (RCA) circuits. The proposed FAs and RCAs showed excellent performance in terms of QCA evaluation parameters, especially in cost and cost function, compared to the other reported designs. The proposed adders’ approach was 46.43% more efficient than the best-known design, and the reason for this superiority was due to the coplanar form, without crossovers and inverter gates in the designs.

Nano‐scale design of full adder and full subtractor using reversible logic based decoder circuit in quantum‐dot cellular automata

“…Table 6 demonstrates the value of the proposed full adder design over other reported designs. 3,9,24,28,29,[36][37][38] It can be noted that QCA full adders have already been proposed in QCA 3,9,24,28,29,[36][37][38] with a lower area, cell count, and delay than the proposed one in this paper. Nevertheless, the main advantage of the proposed design is that it is based on the QCA1 gate, which is a fully reversible QCA gate.…”

“…Table 6 demonstrates the value of the proposed full adder design over other reported designs 3,9,24,28,29,36–38 . It can be noted that QCA full adders have already been proposed in QCA 3,9,24,28,29,36–38 with a lower area, cell count, and delay than the proposed one in this paper. Nevertheless, the main advantage of the proposed design is that it is based on the QCA1 gate, which is a fully reversible QCA gate.…”

“…The researchers propose several adders and related designs, such as two novel FA circuits were conceived and built using QCA technology in Reference [3] by the author Vahabi et al who also implemented ripple carry adder (RCA) circuits after that. Without crossovers or inverter gates, it is built in a coplanar manner.…”

A Novel Cost-efficient Parallel Binary Adder without Crossover in QCA with Energy Dissipation Analysis

“…Various types of adder circuits can further be implemented from the FA circuits such as RCA, CSA(Carry Save Adder), CSeA(Carry Select Adder), and so on. Mohsen Vahabi et al [21] implemented two designs of RCA using co-planar crossovers. The said circuit is stable and more robust due to the decrease in a number of INV cells, rotational cells, and crossovers.…”

Quantum‐dot cellular automata based design for overflow detection in two's complement arithmetic operation

“…Table 3 describes the complexity figures of merit for previously proposed 1-bit QCA full adders. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] It is observed from the table that some of the prior designs may have less cell count, less area and latency in comparison with the proposed design, but in this work, more emphasis has been given to achieve the arithmetic overflow detector using full adder.…”