Ultra-narrow-bandwidth graphene quantum dots for superresolved spectral and spatial sensing

Wang, Zhen; Dong, Xuezhe; Zhou, Shuyun; Xie, Zheng; Zalevsky, Zeev

doi:10.1038/s41427-020-00269-6

Cited by 34 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…sive CDs through a solvothermal treatment in DMF: CD-Sn with tin(II) phthalocyanine (SnPc) as the carbon source and CD-OH with Pc as the carbon source and NaOH as an auxiliary component. [60] The emission of CD-Sn was observed at 683 nm with a narrow FWHM of 21 nm and PL QY of 8%, while emission of CD-OH had a maximum at 667 nm and PL QY of 40%. Ge and coworkers employed polythiophene derivative (PT2) as a precursor and produced CDs via its hydrothermal treatment in NaOH solution.…”

Section: Condensation Of Long-wavelength Emitting Organic Molecules/polymersmentioning

confidence: 94%

Optical Properties of Carbon Dots in the Deep‐Red to Near‐Infrared Region Are Attractive for Biomedical Applications

Ushakova

Rogach

et al. 2021

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101

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range (NIR-I region: 700-900 nm; NIR-II region: 1000-1700 nm). [15][16][17][18][19][20] Deep tissue penetration can be realized in this spectral range owing to the low degree level of photon absorption, scattering, and autofluorescence from tissues. [21,22] Therefore, imaging and therapeutic agents which operate in the DR to NIR region are highly desired. For CDs, strong PL in the blue and green region has been reported on numerous occasions, with PL quantum yields (QY) up to 90%, [23,24] while CDs with efficient longer wavelength emission have experienced extensive development only recently. Starting from the first report on the orange emissive CDs (PL peak at 580 nm) with a PL QY of 46%, [25] red emissive CDs with PL peak at 628 nm and PL QY of 53%, [26] and NIR emissive CDs with PL peak at 715 nm and PL QY of 43% [27] were introduced. A number of strategies, such as enlarging the π-conjugated structure, enhancing the surface oxidation, and employing proper precursors such as phenylenediamines were proved as effective for realization of such CDs. This review starts from summary of synthetic strategies toward CDs with absorption/PL at the wavelength from 650 nm and into the NIR-I and NIR-II spectral region. We then consider in detail the Stokes and anti-Stokes PL (ASPL), chemiluminescence (CL) and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for the DR/NIR CDs. At the end, we provide a concise summary of already reported biomedical applications of CDs, such as in the photoacoustic (PA) imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and their use as bioimaging agents and drug carriers.Carbon dots (CDs) represent a recently emerged class of luminescent materials with a great potential for biomedical theranostics, and there are a lot of efforts to shift their absorption and emission toward deep-red (DR) to near-infrared (NIR) region falling in the biological transparency window. This review offers comprehensive insights into the synthesis strategies aimed to achieve this goal, and the current approaches of modulating the optical properties of CDs over the DR to NIR region. The underlying mechanisms of their absorption, photoluminescence, and chemiluminescence, as well as the related photophysical processes of photothermal conversion and formation of reactive oxygen species are considered. The already available biomedical applications of CDs, such as in the photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and their use as bioimaging agents and drug carriers are then shortly summarized.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202102325. Figure 12. a) In vivo NIR fluorescence images of a mouse stomach before (left) and after (right) gavage injection of CDs in PVP aqueous solution.Reproduced with permission. [46] Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. b) NIR fluorescence images of mouse tumor after intravenous injection of CDs at various time points. c) NIR fluorescence of H22 tumors that were dissected from mice at ...

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Section: Condensation Of Long-wavelength Emitting Organic Molecules/polymersmentioning

confidence: 94%

Optical Properties of Carbon Dots in the Deep‐Red to Near‐Infrared Region Are Attractive for Biomedical Applications

Ushakova

Rogach

et al. 2021

Small

120

101

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“…The FWHMs of the two CDs were 33 and 31 nm, respectively. More recently, Xie, Zalevsky, and colleagues achieved two kinds of narrow‐bandwidth red‐emitting CDs using phthalocyanine‐derived conjugated molecules as the carbon source via a one‐step solvothermal method 129 . Under high temperatures and high pressures, the precursor molecules might undergo hydration, condensation, and carbonization processes, thus yielding the target CDs.…”

Section: Preparation Of Narrow‐bandwidth Emissive Cdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(B) Schematic illustration of the preparation of ultra‐narrow‐bandwidth CDs using phthalocyanine derivatives as precursors. Reproduced with permission: Copyright 2021, Springer Nature 129 . (C) Fluorescence spectra of the CDs prepared from tryptophan and o ‐phenylenediamine.…”

Section: Preparation Of Narrow‐bandwidth Emissive Cdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applications Of Narrow‐bandwidth Emissive Cdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, Xie, Zalevsky, and colleagues achieved two kinds of narrow-bandwidth red-emitting CDs using phthalocyanine-derived conjugated molecules as the carbon source via a one-step solvothermal method. 129 Under high temperatures and high pressures, the precursor molecules might undergo hydration, condensation, and carbonization processes, thus yielding the target CDs. As shown in Figure 8B, with tin(II) phthalocyanine as the precursor, red-emitting CDs with the emission peak centered at 683 nm and narrow FWHM of 21 nm were obtained.…”

Section: One-step Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Narrow‐bandwidth emissive carbon dots: A rising star in the fluorescent material family

Zhao

Zheng

et al. 2022

Carbon Energy

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Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) have recently become a research hotspot in multidisciplinary fields owing to their distinctive advantages, including outstanding photoluminescence properties, high biocompatibility, low toxicity, and abundant raw materials. Among the promising CDs, narrow‐bandwidth emissive CDs with high color purity have emerged as a rising star in recent years because of their significant potential applications in bioimaging, information sensing, and photoelectric displays. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art advances of narrow‐bandwidth emissive CDs are systematically summarized, and the factors influencing the emission bandwidth, preparation methods, and applications of narrow‐bandwidth emissive CDs are described in detail. Besides, existing challenges and future perspectives for achieving high‐performance narrow‐bandwidth emissive CDs are also discussed. This overview paper is expected to generate more interest and promote the rapid development of this significant research area.

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Hydrothermal Synthesis of High‐Yield Red Fluorescent Carbon Dots with Ultra‐Narrow Emission by Controlled O/N Elements

Xian

2022

Advanced Materials

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are less than 30 nm, but only one is prepared by hydrothermal method, and the other reaction systems are organic solvents, as shown in Table S1 (Supporting Information). [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] However, low fluorescence quantum yield (QY) can limit their applications. For instance, white light emitting diodes only based on luminescent materials with low QY are difficult to realize. [15] Among the reports on the red fluorescent carbon dots (r-CDs) prepared by the environmentally friendly hydrothermal method, only four papers have QY over 40%, but their monochromaticity is very low (FWHMs > 80 nm, visual inspection) and purification requires the troublesome dialysis or column chromatography. [16][17][18][19] The higher product yield stands for a more economical method and the higher efficiency. But there are only four articles on the preparation of highyield CDs by hydrothermal method with a yield of >35%. [20][21][22][23] And three of them are blue emission, one is green emission, no red emission, and their FWHMs are all over 80 nm by visual inspection. There is no report on the preparation of r-CDs that simultaneously takes into account the environmental protection, the fluorescence monochromaticity, QY, and the yield. In this work, the hydrothermal method was used to prepare the r-CDs with double emission peaks (600 nm and 658-683 nm), ultra-narrow FWHMs (20 and 30 nm), and high yield (83.3%).At present, the several main emission mechanisms of CDs have been proposed, such as the quantum confineme effect, the surface state, the molecule state, and the aggregation-induced emission (AIE). [24][25] In this work, the long-wavelength side emission of r-CDs belongs to AIE, and its longest emission wavelength (683 nm) reaches the near infrared region, which benefits from deeper penetration due to the minimum autofluorescence and reduced light scattering, offering a great imaging contrast and spatial resolution. [7] The AIE regularly blue shifts with the decrease of r-CDs concentration and the logarithmic relationship of y = 8.853ln(x) + 688.53 is obtained for the first time, where y is emission wavelength and x is concentration of r-CDs. It may be caused by the regular decrease of r-CDs aggregate size with the decrease of r-CDs concentration in solution. And the presence of the r-CDs aggregates is confirmed by the light scattering phenomenon of different concentrations of r-CDs solution and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Red fluorescent carbon dots (r-CDs) with narrow dual emissions (600 nm and 658-683 nm, full width at half-maximums (FWHMs) of 20 nm and 30 nm), fluorescence quantum yield of 41.0%, and yield of 83.3% are prepared by hydrothermal method using o-phenylenediamine as precursor and inorganic oxidant as yield enhancer, and they have graphite nitrate-like structures. The long-wavelength side emission is aggregation-induced emission (AIE). A logarithmic relationship between the AIE wavelength (y) and the concentration (x) (y = 8.853ln(x) + 688.53, R = 0.998) is found. This regularity and the hig...

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Ultra-narrow-bandwidth graphene quantum dots for superresolved spectral and spatial sensing

Cited by 34 publications

References 35 publications

Optical Properties of Carbon Dots in the Deep‐Red to Near‐Infrared Region Are Attractive for Biomedical Applications

Optical Properties of Carbon Dots in the Deep‐Red to Near‐Infrared Region Are Attractive for Biomedical Applications

Narrow‐bandwidth emissive carbon dots: A rising star in the fluorescent material family

Hydrothermal Synthesis of High‐Yield Red Fluorescent Carbon Dots with Ultra‐Narrow Emission by Controlled O/N Elements

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