Ultra precision grinding of spherical convex surfaces on combination brittle materials using resin and metal bond cup wheels

A study on optimum grinding factors for aspheric convex surface micro-lens using design of experiments

“…Grinding, owing to its ability to produce superb profile accuracy and surface integrity on hard and brittle material, remains as one of the most important and feasible machining technologies to date. Mirror surface grinding and finishing with high-profile accuracy had been achieved on variable materials [8][9][10][11]. Efforts to produce optical surfaces free from surface and sub-surface damages led to the development of many different manufacturing techniques in the last decade.…”

Error analysis and compensation of line contact spherical grinding with cup-shaped wheel

“…Schafer stated to adjust the inclination between wheel spindle and workpiece spindle target at controlling the curvature radius of generated sphere [9]. Chen and Huang analyzed grinding error only caused by lip radius error generated by wheel wearing [11]. However, these methods mentioned above have their limits indepth, comprehensive, and practical guideline.…”

Error analysis and in-process compensation on cup wheel grinding of hard sphere

“…Turning [2][3][4], milling [5][6][7], polishing [8][9][10] and grinding [1,[11][12][13][14] are the main methods used in the sphere machining field at present. Turning and milling are used for machining the sphere blank before the coating procedure.…”

“…But they are not used for machining sphere after the coating procedure in order to meet the requirements of the form accuracy. Grinding, owing to its ability to produce super form accuracy and surface integrity on hard materials, remains as one of the most important and feasible machining technology to date [12]. Grinding using diamond wheel accounts for 80% in all the high hardness workpiece processing technique [15].…”

“…Yin et al [11] developed high-quality grinding protocols for polycrystalline silicon carbide spherical surfaces. Chen and Huang [12] investigated the parameters on ultra precision grinding of combination materials of zirconia and silica. Ma and Yu [16] analyzed the machine tool adjustment error in the external sphere surface grinding.…”