Ultra-sensitive detection of multiplexed heavy metal ions by MOF-derived carbon film encapsulating BiCu alloy nanoparticles in potable electrochemical sensing system

Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review

“…NMs have been primarily applied on the electrodes in combination with other modifiers (including through the formation of composites). [22][23][24][25]27,[30][31][32]34,46,47,50,54,59,67,70,72,75,83,85,86,88,89,[92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102]107,113,115,117,118,[122][123][124][125][126][129][130][131]135,136,[138][139]...…”

“…Furthermore, carbon and several of its forms (i.e., diamond, graphdiyne, rGO, and g-C 3 N 4 ) have also been coated on different types of film electrodes. 76,83,93,139,246,278 Fig. 4 presents the formation of a dendritic bismuth and graphdiyne (Bi/GDY) film on the surface of a GCE used for the simultaneous determination of Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Pb 2+ in real seawater samples.…”

“…Five main types of NMs, i.e. , graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), 22–92 NPs, 23–25,27,31,56,57,59,64,67,70,83,86,87,93–138 single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs), 32,83,89,98,99,101,113,129,133,139–162 nanosheets, 34,85,107,111,139,162–166 and nanofibers, 167–169 have been employed in the modification of the electrodes used in the determination of heavy metals. Nanocubes, nanoflakes, nanospheres, and nanodiamonds 75,170–175 are among the other types of NMs used in the modification of the electrodes.…”

“…NMs have been primarily applied on the electrodes in combination with other modifiers (including through the formation of composites). 22–25,27,30–32,34,46,47,50,54,59,67,70,72,75,83,85,86,88,89,92–102,107,113,115,117,118,122–126,129–131,135,136,138–156,160,162,168,175,179–189 However, in most of these studies, due to the lack of discussing the sensing mechanism of these nanocomposite-modified electrodes, there is no clear understanding of the influence of different components on the sensitivity and/or selectivity of the electrodes. Apart from the combination of different NMs (usually a combination of NPs and MWCNTs), 83,98,99,101,107,113,115,128,129,133,139,162 compounds and/or materials belonging to the other main groups of electrode modifiers have also been combined with NMs to modify the electrodes.…”

Bismuth Metal–Organic Framework/Carbon Nanosphere Composites for Ultrasensitive Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Lead and Cadmium

“…The strategy of enhancing the effective electron transfer of MOFs has become a research hotspot. The combination of MOFs with conductive polymers, , redox-active molecules, graphene species, quantum dots, , metallic nanoparticles, , and carbon nanomaterials , has been shown to be effective in enhancing electrical conductivity. Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon nanosphere (NMCS) has excellent conductivity, superior mechanical strength, and high specific surface area, which has the potential to enhance electron transfer between electrode surfaces and analytes .…”