Ultra-sensitive determination of Ochratoxin A in coffee and tea samples using a novel semi-automated in-syringe based coagulant-assisted fast mycotoxin extraction (FaMEx) technique coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS

Comprehensive Insights into Ochratoxin A: Occurrence, Analysis, and Control Strategies

“…OTA is typically extracted using organic solvents like methanol, acetonitrile, or acetone, sometimes with water or an acidic buffer to improve efficiency [115,119,120]. Other solvents tested were ethyl acetate and isopropyl alcohol [121]. An appropriate solvent must possess high OTA extraction capacity and not interfere (be neutral) with the subsequent steps of separation, identification, and quantification.…”

“…An appropriate solvent must possess high OTA extraction capacity and not interfere (be neutral) with the subsequent steps of separation, identification, and quantification. Specifically, Prakasham et al [121] showed in their work that acetonitrile is the solvent with the highest extraction capacity (greater than 90%), compared with the other four solvents mentioned above, on coffee, tea, and soil samples, while methanol was the least efficient solvent. Moreover, applying Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles for the analysis of the presence of OTA in sultana raisin samples, chloroform was selected over carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate [122].…”

“…Methods for cleanup include liquid-liquid partitioning and, more recently, solid phase extraction (SPE) and immune-affinity columns (IAC). SPE involves specific partitioning of the analyte between a solid adsorbent and an organic solvent [121], while IAC uses antibodies to selectively bind mycotoxins [125]. A method called Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) simplifies extraction and cleanup using acetonitrile, salts, and dispersive SPE, making it a fast and cost-effective option with minimal solvent usage [126,127].…”

“…A method called Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) simplifies extraction and cleanup using acetonitrile, salts, and dispersive SPE, making it a fast and cost-effective option with minimal solvent usage [126,127]. Four absorbents (activated carbon, amorphous graphite, graphitized carbon black, and octadecylsilane) suitable for SPE columns have been evaluated by Prakasham et al [121], who concluded that the best matrix for cleaning samples is activated carbon. However, immunoaffinity columns represent an effective and robust tool for mycotoxin cleanup, but the prediction is that soon, molecularly imprinted polymers will be competitive with immunoaffinity-based materials [128,129].…”

Recognition-Activated Primer-Mediated Exponential Rolling Circle Amplification for Signal Probe Production and Ultrasensitive Visual Detection of Ochratoxin A with Nucleic Acid Lateral Flow Strips

“…Because of the severe adverse effects on people, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified OTA as a potential carcinogen (group 2B) . Various techniques have been reported and utilized for OTA determination, including conventional chromatography, mass spectrometry, immunology, electrochemistry, and others. − These techniques are widely used as standard methods because of their excellent accuracy, sensitivity, and reliability in OTA detection. Nevertheless, the requirement for expensive instruments, tedious pretreatment procedures, and well-trained operators severely constrains the applications of these methods in rapid and high throughput screening of OTA.…”