Ultra-thin carbon nanofibers based on graphitization of near-field electrospun polyacrylonitrile

Deng, Jufeng; Liu, Chong; Madou, Marc

doi:10.1039/d0nr00031k

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…To attain the thinnest polymer fibers at the lowest applied voltages in NFES, one important procedure concerns the protocol for preparing the ink by the dissolution of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in N , N -dimethylformamide (DMF). A heat treatment from 60 to 126 °C is found to be accompanied by a conductivity change, which indicates the highest conductivity at 106 °C 16 . The conductivity data can be collected by a conductivity meter (OAKTON CON 510 Series) with the ability to show both conductivity and solution temperature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…This reduction in the working voltage causes a decrease in the jet diameter, as described by Eq. ( 1 ): 16 where h is the cross-sectional fiber radius, E is the electric field strength, K is the electric conductivity, I is the total current of the electrified jet, x is the distance between the needle and drum along the axis of the needle, Q is the volume flow rate, β = ϵ 3/2 -1 is the dimensionless conductivity of the fluid 19 , ϵ is the dielectric constant and C 1 is a constant.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method offers excellent control of feature sizes, density per unit area, and the capability to pattern carbon nanowires. By introducing carbon scaffolds into this process, a dramatic decrease in the fiber diameter leads to ultrathin carbon nanowires (~5 nm) 16 . This technique is mostly established because the high-throughput fabrication of carbon nanowires can be easily achieved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication of crystalline submicro-to-nano carbon wire for achieving high current density and ultrastable current

et al. 2022

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Crystalline carbon nanowire arrays were fabricated taking advantage of near-field electrospinning and stress decyanation. A novel fabrication method for carbon nanowires with radii ranging from ~2.15 µm down to ~25 nm was developed based on implementing nitrogen pretreatment on the silica surface and then aligning polymer nanofibers during near-field electrospinning at an ultralow voltage. Stress decyanation was implemented by subsequently pyrolyzing a polymer nanofiber array on the silica surface at 1000 °C for 1 h in an N2 atmosphere, thus obtaining a crystalline carbon nanowire array with a nanostructured surface. Various crystalline nanostructures were fabricated on the nanowire surface, and their electrochemical performance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Crystalline carbon wires with diameters ranging from micrometers to submicrometers displayed carbon nanoelectrode-like behavior with their CV curve having a sigmoidal shape. A highly crystalline carbon nanowire array showed distinct behavior, having a monotonically increasing straight line as its CV curve and a semicircular EIS spectrum; these results demonstrated its ultrastable current, as determined by electron transfer. Furthermore, nanocrystalline-structured carbon wires with diameters of ~305 nm displayed at least a fourfold higher peak current density during CV (4000 mA/m2) than highly crystalline carbon nanowires with diameters of ~100 nm and porous microwires with diameters of ~4.3 µm.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication of crystalline submicro-to-nano carbon wire for achieving high current density and ultrastable current

et al. 2022

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“…Electrospinning and the CVD process are the two major ways to fabricate CNFs and CNF-based composite materials. [107] The majority of reported CNF-based air cathodes for FZABs are prepared through electrospinning (including coaxial electrospinning) and subsequent high-temperature carbonization of the polymeric precursors due to the well-established technique and the universality for building diverse nanocomposites. Early in 2016, Liu et al applied the electrospun 3D nanoporous N-doped CNF (NCNF) film as air cathode for FZABs.…”

Section: Cnf Film-based Fzabsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Bifunctional Oxygen Electrodes for Flexible Zinc–Air Batteries: From Electrode Designing to Wearable Energy Storage

Yang

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Technologies

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The global market of flexible/printed and organic electronics is about 41 billion dollars in 2020, which is expected to reach over 74 billion dollars in 2030 according to the relevant reports by IDTechEx. [3] As for the development and expansion toward practical application, flexible/wearable electronics urgently request for flexible energy sources and power devices with high specific energy density and long lifetime. During the past decade, a variety of flexible energy harvesting/conversion (e.g., solar cells, nanogenerators) and energy storage devices (e.g., batteries, supercapacitors, hybrid batteries) have dedicatedly progressed and gained ongoing recognition for future wearable applications. [4][5][6] Among those promising renewable energy technologies, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have received widespread adoptions for power supplies ranging from mobile/portable electronics to plug-in/ hybrid electric vehicles because of their high working voltage, appreciable energy density, easy use, and ecofriendliness. [7] Flexible LIBs became one of the potential options for powering flexible electronics. With further advance, flexible LIBs are plagued by their limited energy density, deficient safety, and relatively high cost of electrode materials (e.g., lithium, cobalt). In this case, alternative battery technologies, especially metal-air batteries gain immense attention (Table 1). [8,9] Metal-air batteries (MABs) own 2-10 times higher specific energy than current LIBs (200-250 Wh kg −1 ) due to the direct utilization of oxygen from the atmosphere within a halfopen device system. Alongside, rechargeable MABs have more freedom in metallic anodes such as lithium, sodium, potassium, zinc, aluminum and magnesium, etc., where the latter three-based MABs are compatible with aqueous alkaline electrolytes and also intrigued numerous interest. [10][11][12] Given the high theoretical specific energy (1218 Wh kg −1 , 6136 Wh L −1 ), low fabrication cost, high operational safety and environmental benignancy, aqueous zinc-air batteries (ZABs) show far more practical prospect for new-generation energy storage sources. [11] Figure 1 illustrates the brief chronology of the development of ZABs. Dating back to 1878, the first The strong propulsion stem from flexible/wearable electronics has greatly stimulated the development of miniaturized and high-performance rechargeable batteries with adaptable shape. Flexible zinc-air batteries (FZABs), which exhibit high theoretical energy density (1218 Wh kg −1 ), low cost, environmental benignancy, and admirable operational safety, have been widely recognized as one of the promising portable powers to serve future wearable electronics for ubiquitous application. During the past five years, the energy/ power density and cycling stability of FZABs have gained significant improvement largely due to the rational construction of high-efficiency bifunctional air electrodes. Herein, the recent progress of integrated binder-free bifunctional oxygen electrodes is overviewed via elaborate ...

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“…[14,15] A variety of materials beyond polymers can be thus patterned, which includes carbon, metal oxides, and composites. [16][17][18][19][20] Despite these advantages, NFES has been mostly constrained to the patterning of planar geometries. Due to its high printing speed and control of nanofibril deposition, it, however, holds a strong potential towards evolving into a high-speed additive nanomanufacturing tool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wall Microstructures of High Aspect Ratio Enabled by Near‐Field Electrospinning

et al. 2022

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Near‐field electrospinning (NFES) holds the potential to develop into a versatile additive nanomanufacturing platform. However, the impact of a variety of processing variables remains unresolved.Herein, the effect of solvents used to prepare suitable solutions for 3D microstructuring by electrospinning is studied. 3D straight walls of stacked fibers are fabricated using a layer‐by‐layer fiber deposition approach. The effect of the choice of substrate material is also explored. The results show that a high vapor pressure, and a low dielectric constant of the solvent, as well as a high substrate conductivity facilitate improved stacking of fiber layers. Utilizing these conditions, 3D stacked walls of polyethylene oxide are fabricated, and a maximum aspect ratio of 191.7 ± 52.6, while using a chromium/gold substrate and dichloromethane/methanol as the solvent is achieved.

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Ultra-thin carbon nanofibers based on graphitization of near-field electrospun polyacrylonitrile

Abstract: A novel manufacturing means for arrays of carbon fibers with diameters less than 10 nm has been developed.

Cited by 22 publications

References 35 publications

Fabrication of crystalline submicro-to-nano carbon wire for achieving high current density and ultrastable current

Fabrication of crystalline submicro-to-nano carbon wire for achieving high current density and ultrastable current

Integrated Bifunctional Oxygen Electrodes for Flexible Zinc–Air Batteries: From Electrode Designing to Wearable Energy Storage

Wall Microstructures of High Aspect Ratio Enabled by Near‐Field Electrospinning

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