Ultra-trace Arsenic Determination in Urine and Whole Blood Samples by Flow Injection-Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Preconcentration and Speciation Based on Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction

Abstract

A noble method for pre-concentration and speciation of ultra trace As (III) and As (V) in urine and whole blood samples based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been developed. In this method, As (III) was complexed with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate at pH = 4 and Then, As (III) was extracted into the ionic liquid (IL). Finally, As (III) was back-extracted from the IL with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and its concentration was determined by flow injection coupled with hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HGAAS). Total amount of arsenic was determined by reducing As (V) to As (III) with potassium iodide (KI) and ascorbic acid in HCl solution and then, As (V) was calculated by the subtracting the total arsenic and As (III) content. Under the optimum conditions, for 5-15 mL of blood and urine samples, the detection limit (3σ) and linear range were achieved 5 ng L −1 and 0.02-10 μg L −1, respectively. The method was applied successfully to the speciation and determination of As (III) and As (V) in biological samples of multiple sclerosis patients with suitable precision results (RSD < 5%). Validation of the methodology was performed by the standard reference material (CRM).

Hematotoxicity status of lead and three other heavy metals in cow slaughtered for human consumption in Jos, Nigeria

“…Direct ingestion of Pb contaminated meat will no doubt increase blood Pb levels; a significant correlation between elevated blood Pb levels and the risk of anemia have been reported (Singh et al, 1994;Ahmed et al, 2007). In addition, accumulation of Pb in the body is a significant source of blood Pb burden (Swarup et al, 2005) with associated health risks such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, sweating, convulsions, coma and death (Shirkhanloo et al, 2011); cancers of stomach, small intestine, large intestine, ovary, kidney, lungs, myeloma, all lymphoma and all leukaemia (Reddy et al, 2004). Lead is commonly distributed to sites where calcium plays an important role, most conspicuously in the teeth of developing children and in bone at all ages (Choudhary, 2012) and it inhibits the protein biosynthesis and is also known to affect the kidneys, brain cells, central nervous system, kidneys, liver and the reproductive system (Ademoroti, 1996).…”

“…The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density, considered to be of sufficient distribution in the environment and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations (Shirkhanloo et al, 2011). These metals are highly toxic and can cause damaging effects even at very low concentrations; with chronic exposure, it poses serious health consequences (Choudhary, 2012;Shalini et al, 2017).…”

“…In Nigeria, heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic exposure is a public health concern as evidence abounds on its effect on the cognitive development of children (Abulude et al, 2006). Sources of heavy metals are many and varied (Sanayei et al, 2009;Shirkhanloo et al, 2011;Adegbola et al, 2015). The food chain is an important source of heavy metals accumulation (Jolly et al, 2013), especially for plants grown on polluted soils (Pilarczyk et al, 2013).…”

Current developments in clinical sample preconcentration prior to elemental analysis by atomic spectrometry: a comprehensive literature review

“…Some publications introduced the use of IL-based preconcentration in metal speciation. 17,18 A very recent example of this is the work of Sadeghi et al in which Cr(VI) and Cr(III) were sequentially extracted from the same urine sample. 17 For a 5 mL sample, 0.1% w/v and 0.45 mol L À1 of ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) and potassium hydrogen phthalate (PHP) buffer were added, and the mixture was heated at 45 C for 5 minutes to extract Cr(VI) only.…”

Biological monitoring of arsenic pollution based on whole blood arsenic atomic absorption assessment with in situ hydride trapping

“…26 Generally, total blood sample mineralization as in the case of ICP-MS is employed prior to HG-AAS; 27,28 however, arsenic extraction has also been reported. 29 The aim of the present study was to develop a method of digestion-free whole blood arsenic assessment with in situ trapping and to perform a biomonitoring of infants residing in an industrially polluted area.…”