Summary
The pH-controlled M2 protein from Influenza is a critical component of the virus, serving as a target for aminoadamantane anti-flu agents that block its H+ channel activity. To better understand its H+-gating mechanism, we investigated M2 in lipid bilayers with a new combination of IR spectroscopies and theory. Linear FTIR spectroscopy was utilized to measure the precise orientation of the backbone carbonyl groups, and 2D-IR spectroscopy was utilized to identify channel-lining residues. At low pH (open-state), our results match previously published ss-NMR and X-ray structures remarkably well. However, at neutral pH (closed-state), our measurements point to a large conformational change, that is consistent with the transmembrane α-helices rotating by one amino acid register: a structural rearrangement not previously observed. The combination of isotope-labelled FTIR and 2D-IR spectroscopies, alongside simulations, provides a non-invasive mean of interrogating structures of membrane proteins in general and ion channels in particular.