The
photoresponsive viologen unit has been widely used to endow
metal–organic materials with photochromic and other photomodulable
properties. Herein we report the first examples of the metal–organic
materials functionalized by extended viologens (ExVs), of general
formula [ML]·2H2O (M = Zn for 1, M =
Mn for 2, M = Co for 3, and L is a tetracarboxylate
ligand with the p-phenylene-extended viologen spacer).
Of the three isomorphic metal–organic frameworks, only 1 is photochromic owing to formation of extended viologen
radicals through photoinduced electron transfer (PET). The incapability
of 2 and 3 to undergo photochromism can
be ascribed to longer intermolecular donor–acceptor contacts,
emphasizing the sensitivity of solid-state PET to structural changes. 1 also shows strong fluorescence owing to interligand charge
transfer, and the fluorescence can be reversibly modulated and switched
on/off in the photochromic process. Furthermore, 1 shows
excellent hydrolytic stability and can be used as a sensitive, selective,
and recyclable fluorescence sensor for detecting Fe3+ in
water. The results demonstrated the great potential of extended viologens
as functional units for the design of novel responsive metal–organic
materials.