“…Lu and Hsu [31,32] developed a reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) method, which shortened the computation time and improved the computational efficiency in the investigation of TRT. Akamatsu and Guo [33] applied the DOM coupled with superposition method to TRT in 3-D highly scattered media NOMENCLATURE a anisotropic factor c 0 light speed in vacuum, ms À1 G incident radiation, Wm À2 H(t) Heaviside step function I radiation intensity, Wm À2 sr À1 L medium thickness in direction z, m m 0 discrete time steps of the incident pulse M number of the sublayers of the medium n refractive index N total number of the simulated bundles q radiative heat flux, Wm À2 subjected to a time-dependent pulse train and investigated the magnitude of the superposition effect. Liu and Hsu [34,35] extended the application of discontinuous finite element method (DFEM) to solve the TRT in participating media using the time shift and superposition (TSS) principle for improving computational efficiency.…”