“…Given the importance of biofilm formation in bacterial growth and survival, including being of great import in infections by various bacterial pathogens, the roles of DGC-containing GCS proteins in controlling O 2 -dependent c-di-GMP production have garnered considerable interest (Donné et al, 2016; Tagliabue et al, 2010; Wu et al, 2013). In addition, as c-di-GMP production can be monitored in vitro , DGC-containing GCS proteins have provided an opportunity to dissect the effects of ligand binding on catalysis, linking these effects to structural rearrangements (Burns et al, 2014; Burns et al, 2016; Lambry et al, 2016; Rivera, Burns, Vansuch, Chica, & Weinert, 2016; Shimizu et al, 2015; Tarnawski et al, 2015; Wu et al, 2013). …”