Ultrafiltration to secure shellfish industrial activities: Culture of microalgae and oyster fertilization

Microbial education plays a crucial role in harnessing the beneficial properties of microbiota for infectious disease protection inCrassostrea gigas

“…This microbial education plan is a promising strategy as it is easy to implement, not costly and, can be performed on numerous animals (several hundred million of larvae) at the same time by bath or on their diet. However, a challenge arises in the form of current hatchery practices, which aim to minimize the introduction of both non-pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms into larval tanks (Bourne et al 1989; Helm et al 2004; Eljaddi et al 2021; Cordier et al 2021). Mortality issues, particularly during larval rearing, have led to the use of antibiotics in hatcheries.…”

Microbial education for marine invertebrate disease prevention in aquaculture

“…152 This early life microbial education is somewhat in contradiction with some hatchery current practices, which seek to limit the introduction of both non-pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria, viruses and eukaryotes as well as to eliminate unwanted plankton and zooplankton in seawater, from the conditioning of the broodstock to the larval and spat stages. 49,50,153,154 Additionally, the depletion of bacteria in the rearing environment and in farmed animals is often accentuated by the addition of antibiotics. This process was tested in response to the risk of mortality in livestock 153,155,156 and was quickly associated with the risk of selecting antibiotic-resistant bacteria.…”

“…25 These changes in the haemolymph microbiota contributes to increased mortality in these two bivalves in response to infections. Other studies performed in the clams Chamelea gallina 26,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] and Tegillarca granosa 27 have shown that chemical pollution leads to microbiota shift associated with the proliferation of opportunistic pathogens potentially contributing to the declining health of clams.…”

“…47,48 Despite these evidence, antagonistic approaches toward microbial communities, such as water sterilisation and antibiotic treatment, have been favoured so far. 49,50 In this review, we promote the potential application of natural microorganisms as a treatment during the early developmental stage (larval rearing) to shape and sustain lifelong innate immune competence in aquaculture. First, we report recent studies which emphasise the critical role played by the microbiota in molluscs and crustaceans of economic interest for the aquaculture field.…”

“…Otherwise, in a broader context, several studies have evidenced the critical role of microbiota during the early developmental steps to educate and durably imprint the host innate immune system in mammals 37,42,43 , in fish 44 in crustaceans 45,46 and in molluscs 47,48 . Despite these evidence, antagonistic approaches toward microbial communities, such as water sterilisation and antibiotic treatment, have been favoured so far 49,50 …”