Ultrafine particle emissions from desktop 3D printers

Stephens, Brent; Azimi, Parham; Orch, Zeineb El; Ramos, Tiffanie

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.050

Cited by 405 publications

(340 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In our chamber testing, we have observed higher particle emissions from ABS relative to PLA [Yi et al, 2016]. In an early study of 3-D printers, Stephens and colleagues reported that printing with ABS increased particle levels in a room relative to when operating with PLA filaments [Stephens et al, 2013]. Several VOCs were released during printing with PLA filaments (see Table 2), and the same chemicals were also measured at similar concentrations when printing with ABS filaments (see Table 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Evaluation of 3-D printer emissions and personal exposures at a manufacturing workplace.

2017

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Evaluation of 3-D printer emissions and personal exposures at a manufacturing workplace.

2017

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“… Many desktop 3D printers rely on heated thermoplastic extrusion and deposition, which is a process that has been shown to have significant aerosol emissions in industrial environments (Stephens, 2013). The situation for 3D food printing is unknown, but if particles are emitted into the environment during the printing process, these particles will be different, and have different characteristics, from the 'regular' 3D printing.…”

Section: Description Of the Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

Annual report of the Emerging Risks Exchange Network 2013

2014

EFSA Supporting Publications

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EFSA established an Emerging Risks Exchange Network (EREN) to exchange information between EFSA and the MSs on possible emerging risks for food and feed safety in 2010. The Network is currently composed of delegates from 21 Member States and an EFTA country (Norway) designated through the Advisory Forum of EFSA and observers from the European Commission, EU pre-accession countries, the Food and Drug Administration of the USA (FDA) and the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). The Network met three times during 2013. The Network discussed a total of 16 signals of potential emerging issues that were presented and assessed using a standard template developed by the Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks unit of EFSA. Out of these signals, 10 originated from EFSA and six from Member States. The issues discussed were from the areas of microbiological hazards, biotoxins, chemical hazards, illegal activity, new consumer consumption trends, new technologies and processes, animal health, environmental pollution, new analytical methods and new food packaging technology. The issues that merit further consideration will be discussed by EFSA's Scientific Committee Standing Working Group on Emerging Risks.

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“…Fine particulate matter (FP), which differs from gas pollutants (Shy et al, 2015;Ho et al, 2016;Lü et al, 2016), is one of the most important hazardous pollutants (Lee et al, 2001;McGarry et al, 2011;Mullins et al, 2013;Stephens et al, 2013;Hussein et al, 2015;Lin et al, 2015;Mašková et al, 2016) as it is highly associated with public health concerns as toxic aerosol due to persistent lung damage (Matson, 2005;Gehin et al, 2008). Previous research has indicated that particles less than 0.5 µm in diameter might contribute the most to the adverse health effects of particulate air pollution and the risk of adverse health effects might increase with decreasing particle size (Meng et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafine Aerosol Particles from Laser Printing Process: Response Relationship between Operating Parameters and Emission Characteristics

Zhao

2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Ultrafine aerosol particles (UFAP, diameter < 100 nm) emitted from laser printers have been considered as toxic aerosol. To address the response relationship between the operating parameters and real-time ultrafine emissions, three commercial printers were used to experimentally investigate their emission characteristics under different operating parameters including: the ready process, the number of pages printed, the page coverage and the print mode. The results showed that ultrafine particle emissions varied with the printer model. No causal correlation existed between the ultrafine particle number concentration and the PM 2.5 mass concentration of a specific printer. Ultrafine particle emission characteristics were highly associated with operating parameters other than printer/cartridge toner model. Not all of the tested printers displayed ultrafine particle emissions in the ready process. Ultrafine particle emissions increased with increasing number of printed pages and page coverage with a nonlinear relationship. Compared with continuous printing, intermittent printing has a so-called "peak-shaving" or "peak-shift" effect. The results may help to provide a simple and effective way to control and reduce ultrafine particle emissions from laser printers by means of improvement of operating conditions.

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Ultrafine particle emissions from desktop 3D printers

Cited by 405 publications

References 30 publications

Evaluation of 3-D printer emissions and personal exposures at a manufacturing workplace.

Evaluation of 3-D printer emissions and personal exposures at a manufacturing workplace.

Annual report of the Emerging Risks Exchange Network 2013

Ultrafine Aerosol Particles from Laser Printing Process: Response Relationship between Operating Parameters and Emission Characteristics

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