Ultrasensitive Biomolecule‐Less Nanosensor Based on β‐Cyclodextrin/Quinoline Decorated Graphene Oxide toward Prompt and Differentiable Detection of Corona and Influenza Viruses

Abstract

Rapid mutation of airborne pathogenic viruses, e.g., SARS‐CoV‐2, and their similar symptoms with flu or influenza, raises an urgent demand for the development of biomolecule‐less nanosensors capable of rapid, sensitive, specific, and differentiable detection of viruses in a single potential window to distinguish infected people from healthy ones through a precise and prompt manner that do not require highly purified biological receptors. To address this vital requirement, a label‐free, and biomolecule‐less nanosensor is designed and developed based on the modified graphene oxide (GO) with NHS/EDC activated β‐cyclodextrin/8 hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) complex toward rapid (in 1 min) and differentiable detection of betacoronaviruses (viz., SARS‐CoV‐2) and influenza viruses (viz., H1N1 and H3N2) in a single potential window. The outcome of the process shows that the employed process leads to considerable soar in the electrical conductivity, porosity, active surface area, available active sites for trapping viruses, and sensitivity of the nanosensor that leads to rapid, sensitive, specific, and simultaneous detection of selected pathogenic viruses with a superiorly low detection limit (DL) and high sensitivity. Obtained results highlight the potential of the developed nanoplatform as a capable screening tool for quick detection of infected people.

Two‐Dimensional Materials Integrated in Electrochemical Biosensors for Virus Detection: Property Engineering Strategies and Device Applications

“…The use of EDC/NHS was reported in 2D material-based sensors to immobilize the antibody, protein, and ssDNA [99,105]. In more complex 2D material modifications, EDC/NHS has also succeeded in activating carboxylic acid in several platforms, including β-cyclodextrin/ quinoline on GO [106], polycarbonate track-etched nanosieve (PCTE) on GO [105], and riboflavin 5 -monophosphate sodium salt (FMNs) on MoS 2 [102]. The functionalization route is illustrated in Figs.…”

“…GO is known to be rich in various oxygen functionalities such as hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, and others. The immobilization of biomolecules can strongly be supported by these active hydrophilic functional groups [106,148]. Generally, the GO was synthesized by oxidation of graphite and subsequent mechanical or chemical exfoliation of graphite oxide [149].…”

Synergistically Enhancing the Therapeutic Effect on Cancer, via Asymmetric Bioinspired Materials

“…Additionally, after the discovery of Janus by Gennes et al in 1991 [ 12 ], the asymmetric structures have gradually attracted increasing attention; thus, various asymmetric structures have been discovered in the last two decades. Nowadays, asymmetric structures contain various shapes with different surface properties [ 13 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Graphene‐Based Femtogram‐Level Sensitive Molecularly Imprinted Polymer of SARS‐CoV‐2

“…[9] Hence, a low-cost preliminary diagnostic kit is required for reliable and prompt detection of target pathogens or infected people. [10,11] Specific and selective biosensors are ideal candidates for the rapid identification of pathogenic viruses, chiefly due to their timely detection of infectious illnesses. Such sensors are perfectly beautified with a set of exciting features, including rapid response, excellent sensitivity/specificity, and perfect selectivity toward detecting target pathogens.…”