Ultrasensitive Kilo-Pixel Imaging Array of Photon Noise-Limited Kinetic Inductance Detectors Over an Octave of Bandwidth for THz Astronomy

Bueno, J.; Murugesan, Vignesh; Karatsu, K.; Thoen, David J.; Baselmans, J. J. A.

doi:10.1007/s10909-018-1962-8

Cited by 17 publications

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“…Phonons emitted due to scattering will have even lower energy than 2∆ layer . Thus if the T c of the additional layer is chosen T layer c < ∼ 2/3 T MKID c , most of the cosmic ray energy will be quickly converted [11][12][13] . In chip d the ground plane around the antenna is aluminium, for the rest it is made from NbTiN.…”

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“…Each MKID is coupled to a leaky lens antenna 11 . (d) A membrane-based array similar to chip c: The difference is that the ground plane of the MKID on the membrane is also made from the same Al film 12,13 .…”

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“…(c), (d) Arrays with membrane structures. The right bottom panel shows the cross section of the membrane (not to scale)[11][12][13] . In chip d the ground plane around the antenna is aluminium, for the rest it is made from NbTiN.…”

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Mitigation of cosmic ray effect on microwave kinetic inductance detector arrays

Karatsu

Endo

Bueno

et al. 2019

Applied Physics Letters

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For space observatories, the glitches caused by high energy phonons created by the interaction of cosmic ray particles with the detector substrate lead to dead time during observation. Mitigating the impact of cosmic rays is therefore an important requirement for detectors to be used in future space missions. In order to investigate possible solutions, we carry out a systematic study by testing four large arrays of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs), each consisting of ∼ 960 pixels and fabricated on monolithic 55 mm × 55 mm × 0.35 mm Si substrates. We compare the response to cosmic ray interactions in our laboratory for different detector arrays: A standard array with only the MKID array as reference; an array with a low T c superconducting film as phonon absorber on the opposite side of the substrate; and arrays with MKIDs on membranes. The idea is that the low T c layer down-converts the phonon energy to values below the pair breaking threshold of the MKIDs, and the membranes isolate the sensitive part of the MKIDs from phonons created in the substrate. We find that the dead time can be reduced up to a factor of 40 when compared to the reference array. Simulations show that the dead time can be reduced to below 1 % for the tested detector arrays when operated in a spacecraft in an L2 or a similar far-Earth orbit. The technique described here is also applicable and important for large superconducting qubit arrays for future quantum computers. PACS numbers: Valid PACS appear hereData loss caused by cosmic ray hits on the instruments' detectors is one of the main concerns for space observatories. Cosmic rays are so energetic that they penetrate the satellite structure, reach the detectors, and deposit a fraction of their energy through ionization and atomic excitation. The deposited energy causes a cascade of high-energy phonons (ballistic phonons) that spread inside the detectors, trigger the detectors' response, and create glitches in the data stream. These glitches lead to significant dead time of the detectors and loss of integration efficiency 1 . Although cosmic ray interactions are strongest in space, even on earth the interaction rate is about a few events/min/cm 2 , posing possible issues especially for cryogenic superconducting circuits with large areas, such as quantum computing chips.Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) 2,3 are pair breaking detectors that sense a change in Cooper pair density due to radiation absorption, in contrast to bolometric detectors, such as Transition Edge Sensors 4 , which measure temperature. Hence, MKIDs only sense energies larger than the gap energy of a superconductor film (2∆). In the Planck satellite, in which bolometers a) Electronic mail: K.Karatsu@sron.nl are used, short and long glitches are observed due to cosmic rays 5 . Short glitches, with a decay of 4-10 ms, are determined to be direct hits in the bolometer. Long glitches, with a time scale exceeding 10 ms, are interpreted as cosmic ray hits in the Si wafer. The measurements of cosmic ray ...

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Mitigation of cosmic ray effect on microwave kinetic inductance detector arrays

Karatsu

Endo

Bueno

et al. 2019

Applied Physics Letters

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“…The SPACEKIDs collaboration [56][57][58][59] aimed to investigate the general suitability of MKIDs for far-IR to sub-mm space applications and demonstrated among others a 961 pixels MKID array centered around 850 GHz (350 µm) with competitive noise levels and cosmic ray dead times. MKIDs made from Al and NbTiN have been suggested [60,61] for the far-IR (34-210 µm) spectrometer SAFARI on the proposed 2.5 m SPICA (Space Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics) infrared space telescope, and prototype arrays of 989 membrane-suspended MKIDs for the 1.4-2.8 THz (214-107 µm) band have been demonstrated [58]. MKIDs are also being considered for CORE [62], the Cosmic ORigins Explorer, a space telescope to observe the CMB polarization.…”

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Applications for Microwave Kinetic Induction Detectors in Advanced Instrumentation

2021

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In recent years Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) have emerged as one of the most promising novel low temperature detector technologies. Their unrivaled scalability makes them very attractive for many modern applications and scientific instruments. In this paper we intend to give an overview of how and where MKIDs are currently being used or are suggested to be used in the future. MKID based projects are ongoing or proposed for observational astronomy, particle physics, material science and THz imaging, and the goal of this review is to provide an easily usable and thorough list of possible starting points for more in-depth literature research on the many areas profiting from kinetic inductance detectors.

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“…• Sensitive detectors to perform imaging/spectroscopy/polarimetry, without adding noise sources more severe than the photon noise. Specific detector architectures can also be used for focal-plane wavefront sensing: the Self-Coherent Camera (SCC; [7]), or the noise-less, wavelength resolving Microwave Kinetic Inductance detector (MKID; [16]).…”

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Detecting life outside our solar system with a large high-contrast-imaging mission

et al. 2021

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In this White Paper, which was submitted in response to the European Space Agency (ESA) Voyage 2050 Call, we recommend the ESA plays a proactive role in developing a global collaborative effort to construct a large high-contrast imaging space telescope, e.g. as currently under study by NASA. Such a mission will be needed to characterize a sizable sample of temperate Earth-like planets in the habitable zones of nearby Sun-like stars and to search for extraterrestrial biological activity. We provide an overview of relevant European expertise, and advocate ESA to start a technology development program towards detecting life outside the Solar System.

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Ultrasensitive Kilo-Pixel Imaging Array of Photon Noise-Limited Kinetic Inductance Detectors Over an Octave of Bandwidth for THz Astronomy

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

Mitigation of cosmic ray effect on microwave kinetic inductance detector arrays

Mitigation of cosmic ray effect on microwave kinetic inductance detector arrays

Applications for Microwave Kinetic Induction Detectors in Advanced Instrumentation

Detecting life outside our solar system with a large high-contrast-imaging mission

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