Ultrasensitive, light-induced reversible multidimensional biosensing using THz metasurfaces hybridized with patterned graphene and perovskite

Abstract

Biosensors based on terahertz (THz) metasurfaces have recently attracted widespread attention. However, few have been reported so far because it is a challenge to achieve ultrasensitive multidimensional detection in the THz spectrum. Here, we propose a novel THz biosensor that consists of a metasurfaces and a metal oxide semiconductor-like structure (MOSLS), which is based on patterned graphene–polyimide–perovskite. We varied the photoconductivity of the MOSLS via the electrostatic doping effect. The biosensor could detect whey protein down to a concentration limit of 6.25 ng/mL. Significant responses in frequency, phase, and transmission amplitude were all detected for different protein concentrations. The transmission value difference, frequency shift, and phase difference increased with the concentration of whey protein, clearly demonstrating multidimensional biosensing. Moreover, by applying lasers with different wavelengths, we have realized reversible biosensing in THz region for the first time. These results are very promising for applications of THz metasurfaces in the field of biosensing.

Metasurface inverse designed by deep learning for quasi-entire terahertz wave absorption

“…(6) Cleaning to obtain the proposed UTWMA, and then complete the full manufacturing process. [52][53][54]…”

Tunable resonance of a graphene-perovskite terahertz metasurface

“…[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Monolayer graphene, as a two-dimensional semiconductor material, can be combined with perovskite to form a hybrid structure, which is a promising route to effectively controlling light-matter interactions and improving metasurface device performance. [42][43][44] Here, we propose an actively tunable hybrid terahertz metasurface device comprising monolayer graphene and organometallic halide perovskite (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ). Without photoexcitation, the metasurface device has two weak resonance peaks.…”

“…33–41 Monolayer graphene, as a two-dimensional semiconductor material, can be combined with perovskite to form a hybrid structure, which is a promising route to effectively controlling light–matter interactions and improving metasurface device performance. 42–44…”

An electrical/thermal dual-controlled quad-functional terahertz metasurface absorber

“…Terahertz (THz) waves, with a frequency range of 0.1–10 THz, have attracted significant research interest due to their high permeability 1,2 and imaging resolution, 3,4 which makes them useful in a wide range of applications such as military search, 5,6 wireless communication, 7–9 and security inspection. 10,11 Perfect absorption of THz waves is important for THz detectors, 12 sensors, 13,14 and stealth applications, 15–17 so how to achieve efficient absorption of THz waves has emerged as a crucial area of research. However, conventional THz absorbing materials with a single function, such as MXenes, 18,19 transition metal sulfides, 20 metal oxides, 21 metal powders, 22,23 and carbon-based nanomaterials, 24 are inadequate to meet the demands of complex working environments.…”