A new, low frequency ultrasound technique was used to investigate the viscous properties of the vortex system in an untwinned single crystal of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 72d . With the magnetic field oriented parallel to the crystals Cu-O planes and vortex motion within the plane, pronounced field-dependent attenuation changes were observed in the superconducting state. These changes are indicative of transitions in the viscosity of the vortex system, leading to transitions from a soft vortex system at low fields to a rigid and collectively pinned vortex system at high fields. [S0031-9007(96)00815-0] PACS numbers: 74.60.Ge, 74.25.LdExtensive theoretical work has been published on possible phase transitions in the magnetic vortex system in anisotropic superconductors (for a review see [1]). Recently, a number of experiments were aimed at determining the temperature and field dependence of the predicted melting line in the H-T phase diagram of 2D superconductors. These involved studies of (quasi-two-dimensional) thin films of conventional superconductors [2] as well as of the intrinsically two-dimensional high-T c superconductors. Careful analysis of the experimental data is necessary to separate possible transitions in the vortex system from changes in the pinning properties of the vortices. Usually, the melting transition is deduced from changes in the response of the vortex system in a background of pinning sites. In transport experiments on YBa 2 Cu 3 O 72d (YBCO) single crystals the well-known "peak effect" in the critical current density was interpreted as a precursor to vortexlattice melting [3], and it was argued [3,4] that the observed temperature and field dependence of the critical current density could easily be understood as due to changes in the stiffness of the vortex "lattice," which, in the presence of randomly distributed pinning sites, leads to changes in the flow properties and the collective pinning strength.While it is obvious that information on the free, unpinned vortex system is crucial for understanding the intrinsic properties of the flux ensemble, most experimental techniques make use of the interaction between the ionic background and vortices via pinning. Ultrasonic experiments, probing as a thermodynamic quantity the elastic modulus, proved to be a useful tool for investigating the temperature-dependent depinning transition, since the modulations of the ionic lattice interact mainly with the pinned vortex system. Pankert showed [5] that the propagation of ultrasound in the mixed state is influenced by the elastic behavior of the vortex lattice as long as the vortex system is sufficiently pinned. These ideas were confirmed experimentally for superconductors with high pinning density [6,7]. Vibrating reed [8,9] experiments on high-T c superconductors with a high density of pinning sites yielded information on the field and temperature dependence of the vortex depinning-giving important in-sight into the origin of the irreversibility line. When the density of pinning sites is reduced or the pinning s...