“…Numerous nondestructive methods have been proposed for quantitative determination of porosity in TBCs, such as thermography method [6][7][8][9][10], terahertz technique [11], X-ray [12], and effective medium theory [13]. Among all existing methods, the ultrasonic technique is a relatively inexpensive, fast, and reliable nondestructive method, which has been widely used to detect porosity in thermally sprayed coatings [3,[14][15][16][17]. A representative method is to use ultrasonic parameters in thermally sprayed coatings, usually longitudinal wave velocity and ultrasonic attenuation, to evaluate its properties, including porosity [15,[17][18][19][20].…”