Ultrasonic flowmeters: Half-century progress report, 1955–2005

Lynnworth, L.C.; Liu, Yi

doi:10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.046

Cited by 227 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Such circumstances have been highlighted both by users of this device and by authors of experimental work [5,[24][25][26]. In reality conditions occur whereby, apparently without explanation, the measuring device does not manage to supply reliable data or is unable to supply data at all, where under substantially identical conditions its functionality is flawless.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental tests on ultrasonic flow meter performance in full-flowing pipes

Ciaravino

2011

Surface Effects and Contact Mechanics X

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Tests based on non destructive techniques are fundamental for measurements on fully operational plants. This work details the results obtained in experimental tests on full-flowing pipes made of a variety of materials highlighting some of the characteristics and limitations in the performance of the ultrasonic flow meter which must be taken into account. The research carried out using a Doppler ultrasonic flow meter (UDFM) illustrated anomalies in the device's function on steel pipes that have been in service for many years and in which significant internal irregularities and incrustations were present. With the internal surface of the pipe wall in such conditions, the acoustic signal loses its coherence, in passing through the pipe wall twice, thus making its detection difficult for the receiver. Further tests conducted on acrylic pipes, characterized by an extremely smooth internal surface and under the same experimental conditions, did not present the running anomalies encountered in the old steel pipes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental tests on ultrasonic flow meter performance in full-flowing pipes

Ciaravino

2011

Surface Effects and Contact Mechanics X

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“…The clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters are placed outside the pipes and could be a very interesting solution without performing any modification to the fuel line [20]; however, they are not so suitable for flexible plastic/rubber pipes, i.e. for material similar to most of the fuel lines, and for fluids with few or no particles in suspension, e.g., the fuel processed by the pump.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ideation, realization and experimentation of prototype device for measuring farm tractor fuel consumption during dyno tests

Bietresato

Mazzetto

2018

Engineering for Rural Development

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Abstract.One of the most difficult practical problems to overcome when testing agricultural machines (tractors) at the dyno is measuring the fuel consumption and assessing the engine's global efficiency. Indeed, diesel engines have two fuel-lines: a delivery line (from the tank to the cylinders), and a return line, to convey back in the tank the fuel not injected as a consequence of the accelerator position and pump settings. In principle, to measure the consumption, known the delivery flowrate (proportional to the engine speed), a single flowmeter could be used in the return line only (having a variable flow); unluckily, the real suction flowrate is generally unknown, varying with the model and vehicle age (i.e., with the pump components' wear), so two flowmeters are always needed. But there is another metrological problem to consider: a flowmeter inserted in series in a fuel-supply line could significantly alter the flowrate. Finally, another further problem can arise, when the experimenters are asked to characterize machines not owned by them: modifications to the vehicle under test should be avoided or, at least, limited, e.g., not to void the guarantee. Unfortunately, solutions like the clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters (placed outside the pipes) are not so suitable for fluids with few particles in suspension, e.g., the fuel processed by the pump. Therefore, it was decided to act upstream of the entire supply line, providing an external tank placed on a precision scale near the tractor, to be used instead of the vehicle's tank. The only, absolutely reversible, needed operation is to connect to the fuel pump two flexible pipes drawing from the external tank. The device gives the net fuel consumption by means of a data logger that acquires the tank mass at periodic intervals. It has been successfully tested on a New Holland 4020V tractor at the dyno, allowing to calculate the instant/hourly/specific consumptions and the engine's global efficiency at six engine speeds (from 800 to 2200 rpm) and full throttle. Keywords: fuel-consumption meter, agricultural machines, diesel engines, dyno test, real-time measurements. IntroductionThe average mass/volumetric fuel consumption (or, simply, "fuel consumption") is measured by the mass/volume of fuel used by an agricultural machine during a specific time-period (typically: in kg·h -1 , ℓ·h -1 ). If the time-period is very short, it is possible to have the instantaneous volumetric fuel consumption (g·s -1 ), expressed as a function of the engine load and speed. The knowledge of the fuel consumptions is a key-point for characterizing the agricultural machinery [1] for several reasons:• the fuel consumption is one of the main parameters for comparing the performances of the driving machines involved in different field-operations (therefore, being equal the effects/achieved results on the field); furthermore, this parameter is greatly taken into account by the end users, because it is linked to the operating costs of the considered machine (it is one of the main income-statem...

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“…Applications of flowmeters are crucial in such circumstances. The flow measurement techniques with installation, calibration, and operation studies have been popular especially to understand the fluid mechanics principles [1]. Ultrasonic flowmeters are one of the fastest growing technologies for process monitoring, measurement and control [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%