Ultrasonic imaging in molten magnesium

Ono, Yuu; Moisan, J.; Jen, C. K.

doi:10.1088/0957-0233/15/2/n03

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…They have been successfully applied to ultrasonic imaging under molten metals (Ihara et al 2000;Rehman et al 2001;Ono et al 2002b;Ono et al 2003Ono et al , 2004Ono et al 2006). The clad buffer rod consists of a mild steel core with a double-tapered shape, a thermal sprayed stainless steel inner cladding, and bronze outer cladding.…”

Section: Focused Clad Rodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Under-Sodium Viewing: A Review of Ultrasonic Imaging Technology for Liquid Metal Fast Reactors

Griffin¹,

Posakony²,

Chien³

et al. 2009

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Executive SummaryThis current report is a summary of information obtained in the "Information Capture" task of the U.S. DOE-funded "Under Sodium Viewing (USV) Project." The goal of the multi-year USV project is to design, build, and demonstrate a state-of-the-art prototype ultrasonic viewing system tailored for periodic reactor core in-service monitoring and maintenance inspections. The study seeks to optimize system parameters, improve performance, and re-establish this key technology area which will be required to support any new U.S. liquid-metal cooled fast reactors.The earliest information presented herein dates from the early 1970s when the DOE Hanford Site and Argonne National Laboratory were supporting instrumentation development for sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs). The most recent U.S. advanced liquid metal reactor (ALMR) design was the Power Reactor Innovative Small Module (PRISM). The U.S.-sponsored design effort was discontinued in 1995; however, General Electric (GE) continued development up to year 2000. A number of other countries (especially India, Japan, France, and Great Britain) have built and operated fast, metal-cooled reactors and supporting diagnostic instrumentation for in-service inspections. Piezoelectric transducers have been reported in systems used to: (i) acquire in-core images; (ii) perform ultrasonic NDE inspections; and (iii) measure liquid sodium levels, detect structural anomalies, and detect leaks.This study has served to identify important design parameters and options for an ultrasonic USV system. These include:1. The preferred piezoelectric material for liquid sodium temperatures up to 260°C is lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Higher Curie temperature (T c ) materials such as lithium niobate and lead metaniobate have also been used.2. Most demonstrated USV ultrasonic transducers are of the direct sodium immersion type. Only a few designs use an ultrasonic waveguide to isolate the transducer from the molten sodium.3. Poor sodium wetting of the transducer face has been an issue. Degraded wetting results in inefficient mechanical (acoustic) coupling between the transducer and the liquid sodium working fluid. Solutions have required either coating the transducer face (e.g., with evaporated or sputtered gold) or bonding a metal diaphragm to the transducer face (e.g., stainless steel or nickel).4. Thermal shock damage to the piezoelectric transducer is an important issue. Fracture of piezoelectric ceramics due to high thermal gradients/transients or thermal expansion mismatches at the transducer face or backing layer must be considered early in the design process.5. Cable length between the transducer and ultrasonic transceiver has a major impact on received signal amplitude. The minute electrical charges generated by the piezoelectric transducer dictate use of lowcapacitance, radiation-resistant, high-temperature cables, and cable length must be kept as short as possible. Impedance matching and signal conditioning must be considered.6. To date, most ultrasonic USV systems have ...

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Section: Focused Clad Rodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Under-Sodium Viewing: A Review of Ultrasonic Imaging Technology for Liquid Metal Fast Reactors

Griffin¹,

Posakony²,

Chien³

et al. 2009

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“…The sensor mainly consists of a 5 or 2.25 MHz conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer (UT), an air-cooling pipe and a Ti rod as a waveguide. The basic construction of this sensor is almost the same as the ones used in the previous works, [16][17][18][19][20] except for the waveguide material. The length and diameter of the Ti waveguide are 300 and 30 mm, respectively.…”

Section: Ultrasonic Waveguide Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] The concept of an ultrasonic waveguide is a common technique for molten metal measurements. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] This technique is rather classical, but it is still attractive because of its simplicity, robustness and cost effectiveness. In this technique, measurements are made using a waveguide while the probe end is immersed in molten metals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to overcome such difficulty, recently clad waveguides with superior ultrasonic wave guidance and high SNR have been developed. 14,15) Using such clad waveguides, several ultrasonic pulse-echo measurements have been successfully performed for molten Zn, 16) Al 17,18) and Mg 19,20) at temperature up to 800 C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although a stainless steel was used as waveguide materials in the earlier works, [16][17][18][19][20] it is certain that the steel waveguide is slowly and definitely attacked by chemical reactions with molten Al. We have chosen titanium (Ti) as the waveguide material because the sustainability of Ti in molten Al is higher than that of steel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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<I>In Situ</I> Observations of Solidification and Melting of Aluminum Alloy Using Ultrasonic Waveguide Sensor

2005

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The in situ observations of solidification and melting of an aluminum-silicon alloy (Al-12.6%Si) using an ultrasonic waveguide sensor are presented. The ultrasonic sensor consists of a conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer, a cooling system and a titanium (Ti) rod as an ultrasonic waveguide. The sustainability of the Ti rod in the molten Al alloy is investigated by immersion tests for 1, 4, 8 and 16 h at 800 C. The formation of a layer consisting of globular TiAl 3 , disperse AlSi 2 Ti and -Al phases has been observed at the interface between the Ti and the Al alloy. Ultrasonic pulse-echo measurements of the Al alloy during solidification and melting have been performed using the ultrasonic sensor in temperature range from 200 to 800 C. The longitudinal wave velocity of the Al alloy shows a rapid and significant change from about 3900 to 5600 m/s around the eutectic point. An attempt to measure a solid/liquid interface of the Al alloy has been made at frequency of 2.25 MHz. The reflected echo from the interface undergoing directional solidification has been observed. The position and growth rate of the interface have also been determined from the reflected echo.

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A combined 2D inverse predictions and experimental analysis for the bank formation inside a metallurgical reactor

Bertrand

Marois

Désilets

et al. 2013

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

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Ultrasonic imaging in molten magnesium

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Under-Sodium Viewing: A Review of Ultrasonic Imaging Technology for Liquid Metal Fast Reactors

Under-Sodium Viewing: A Review of Ultrasonic Imaging Technology for Liquid Metal Fast Reactors

<I>In Situ</I> Observations of Solidification and Melting of Aluminum Alloy Using Ultrasonic Waveguide Sensor

A combined 2D inverse predictions and experimental analysis for the bank formation inside a metallurgical reactor

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