Ultrasonic measurement of density of liquids

Adamowski, Júlio C.; Buiochi, Flávio; Simon, Carl P.; Silva, Emilío Carlos Nelli; Sigelmann, Rubens A.

doi:10.1121/1.412320

Cited by 78 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless applying the MRM, the use of A T is not necessary. In Adamowski et al (1995) • C the piezoelectric PVDF slowly loses its imposed polarized structure. A successful application of high-temperature piezoelectric materials (PEM) in a DET has not been reported so far.…”

Section: Multiple Reflection Methods (Mrm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based upon the work of Mason and Moore and McSkimin, Sachse (1974) applied the same method to determine the density in a range up to 10 MHz. Adamowski et al (1998Adamowski et al ( , 1995, Higuti and Adamowski (2002a) and used identical principles, but enhanced some methodical aspects to overcome several error influences.…”

Section: Multiple Reflection Methods (Mrm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the apparatus was tested under varying flow conditions and a stable, negative bias of −3 to −6 kg m −3 compared to pycnometer reference measurement was reported. In Adamowski et al (1995) similar equipment was used and results (average of 15 measurements) of RRM and MRM have been compared for constant temperatures (25 ± 0.5…”

Section: Reference Reflection Methods (Rrm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead of the normal buffer-reflector configuration, Adamowski et al (1995Adamowski et al ( , 1998) used a double-element transducer (DET) including the buffer, a sample liquid (medium 2) and a high-acoustic-impedance reflector (medium 3: stainless steel). The DET has a piezoceramic emitter and a large-aperture receiver (PVDF membrane) separated by a solid buffer rod (medium 1: PMMA) of length l 0 .…”

Section: Multiple Reflection Methods (Mrm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both the reference methods and the MRM showed quite low RCs at low frequencies, and both methods converged for higher frequencies near the transducer's centre frequency and showed comparable results. Adamowski et al (1995Adamowski et al ( , 1998 used a constructive solution to eliminate diffraction issues. The so-called DET technique employs a receiver of an aperture larger than the emitter that generates the sound field.…”

Section: Temperature Variation Sound Field and Signal-tonoise Ratio mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Ultrasound-based density determination via buffer rod techniques: a review

Hoche¹,

Hussein²,

Becker³

2013

J. Sens. Sens. Syst.

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Abstract. The review presents the fundamental ideas, assumptions and methods of non-invasive density measurements via ultrasound at solid-liquid interface. Since the first investigations in the 1970s there has been steady progress with regard to both the technological and methodical aspects. In particular, the technology in electronics has reached such a high level that industrial applications come within reach. In contrast, the accuracies have increased slowly from 1-2 % to 0.15 % for constant temperatures and to 0.4 % for dynamic temperature changes. The actual work reviews all methodical aspects, and highlights the lack of clarity in major parts of the measurement principle: simplifications in the physical basics, signal generation and signal processing. With respect to process application the accuracy of the temperature measurement and the presence of temperature gradients have been identified as a major source of uncertainty. In terms of analytics the main source of uncertainty is the reflection coefficient, and as a consequence of this, the amplitude accuracy in time or frequency domain.

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Section: Multiple Reflection Methods (Mrm)mentioning

confidence: 99%