Ultrasonic Microwave-Assisted Micelle Combined with Fungal Pretreatment of Eucommia ulmoides Leaves Significantly Improved the Extraction Efficiency of Total Flavonoids and Gutta-Percha

Abstract

A biological pretreatment of Eucommia ulmoides leaf biomass was carried out. Above all, the total flavonoids were isolated from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by the treatment of alkaline solution of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate combined with ultrasonic microwave. The extraction parameters were optimized by central composite design (CCD) software and were displayed as follows: surfactant concentration of 1.5%, microwave power of 700 W, extraction time of 30 min, and liquid–solid ratio of 50 mL/g. The actual yield of total flavonoids was 1.45%. The results of Sudan III color development showed that the cuticle of Eucommia ulmoides leaves was completely removed after dilute alkali pretreatment. Then, Eucommia ulmoides leaves were fermented by Trichoderma viride to remove the holocellulose and obtain gutta-percha. The content of cellulose and hemicellulose in Eucommia ulmoides leaves obviously decreased after Trichoderma viride fermentation. The optimum parameters were listed as follows: solid–liquid ratio of 0.06 g/mL, four extraction times, extraction time of 89.72 min, and extraction temperature of 85 °C. The actual yield of gutta-percha was 4.38%. The amount of extraction solvent per unit weight of gutta-percha from untreated Eucommia ulmoides leaves was 2.91 mL/mg, while that from leaves treated by Trichoderma viride was only 0.96 mL/mg. The amount of extraction solvent was grossly reduced, which is beneficial in terms of environmental protection. The characterizations of gutta-percha were verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). This study laid a certain theoretical and experimental basis for the multi-stage extraction of Eucommia ulmoides leaves and the utilization of Eucommia ulmoides resources.

Extraction of High-Purity Native State Gutta-Percha from Enzymatic Hydrolyzed Eucommia ulmoides Pericarps by Ultrasound Treatment and Surfactant Aqueous Phase Dispersion

“…In Figure 9a, only the absorption peak at 843 cm −1 was found, indicating that the obtained gutta-percha has only 1,4-link. Figure 9a is in general agreement with previous literature [21,22] and shows the IR spectrum of trans-1,4-polyisoprene. Figure 9b displays the NMR spectrum of the as-prepared gutta-percha.…”

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Active Components and Antioxidant Activity from Polygala tenuifolia: A Comparative Study of the Response Surface Methodology and Least Squares Support Vector Machine

“…In general, the traditional extraction methods such as percolation, decoction, impregnation and reflux consume large amounts of solvents and energy. Compared with traditional extraction methods, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) can utilize the mechanical, cavitation and thermal effects of ultrasonic waves to overcome the weaknesses of traditional extraction and significantly improve the extraction efficiency with lower consumption [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Exactly, the propagation of ultrasonic mechanical thermal vibration contributes to the dissolution and diffusion of plant active ingredients [ 16 ].…”

Enrichment of the flavonoid fraction fromEucommia ulmoidesleaves by a liquid antisolvent precipitation method and evaluation of antioxidant activitiesin vitroandin vivo

“…TFs in Eucommia ulmoides leaves were extracted by microwave ultrasonic combined with alkaline sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate solution. 30,31 Briey, 6 g of dried powdered Eucommia ulmoides leaves were fully mixed with 1.5% sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate solution 300 mL in a round bottom ask and soaked for 6 h at room temperature. The mixture system was placed in the microwave ultrasonic extraction device for an extraction time of 30 min at a microwave power of 700 W. The ltrate and the lter residue were separated by centrifugation.…”

“…The precipitates were washed three times with deionized water, dried and collected at constant mass in a 50 ± 1 °C oven. The effect of different factors on the purity and recovery of PFs were investigated using univariate experiments: concentration of TFs (50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 mg mL −1 ), ratio of antisolvent to solvent (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 v/v), deposition temperature (20,25,30,35, and 40 °C) and the deposition time (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 min). The content of puried total avonoids was determined using the method described in Section 3.5.…”