“…8,9 To address these issues, numerous approaches have been attempted to develop highly active photocatalysts that can absorb more visible light and have low carrier recombination rates. 10,11 In recent years, researchers have identied and demonstrated that numerous defective metal-oxide semiconductors containing oxygen vacancies, such as TiO 2 , 12,13 ZnO, 14 CeO 2 , 15 and WO 3 (ref. 16) exhibit superior catalytic reactivity.…”