Ultrasonically functionalized chitosan-gallic acid films inactivate Staphylococcus aureus through envelope-disruption under UVA light exposure

Chickpea-Derived Modified Antimicrobial Peptides KTA and KTR Inactivate Staphylococcus aureus via Disrupting Cell Membrane and Interfering with Peptidoglycan Synthesis

“…The reduction in hydrophobicity was in good accordance with the more severe morphological and ultrastructural disruption that was mentioned above. Since the degree of the hydrophobic rate was closely related to the ratio and orientation of the extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, and fatty acids, this observation demonstrated that the hydrophobic constituents of the cell membrane surface were severely compromised after AMP treatment …”

“…The hydrophobicity of S. aureus and MRSA was monitored by microbial adherence to a hydrocarbon . The bacterial cells treated with 4 × MIC AMPs for 1 h were collected and added with an equal volume of n -hexadecane.…”

“…Since the degree of the hydrophobic rate was closely related to the ratio and orientation of the extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, and fatty acids, 25 this observation demonstrated that the hydrophobic constituents of the cell membrane surface were severely compromised after AMP treatment. 28 In this regard, FTIR spectra analysis was performed to investigate the conformational changes of membrane components following exposure to AMPs, as presented in Figure 4h,i. The spectra cover the absorption signals of proteins, fatty acids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.…”

“…The hydrophobicity of S. aureus and MRSA was monitored by microbial adherence to a hydrocarbon. 28 The bacterial cells treated with 4 × MIC AMPs for 1 h were collected and added with an equal volume of n-hexadecane. Thereafter, the mixture was vigorously vortexed for 1 min and allowed to stand for 1 h. The lower aqueous was harvested through a needle tube, and its OD 600 nm value was detected by a UV−visible spectrophotometer.…”