Ultrasonication optimisation and microstructural characterisation for 3D nanoparticle dispersion in thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers

Windey, Ruben; AhmadvashAghbash, Sina; Soete, Jeroen; Swolfs, Yentl; Wevers, Martine

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110920

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Second, a sonotrode ultrasonicator (Sonifier SFX150 Branson), equipped with a 3.2 mm microtip, was used to break down CB agglomerates into nanosized clusters. Nevertheless, this procedure is particularly challenging as complete deagglomeration below the EPT can be achieved only if a sufficient ultrasonication energy density (i.e., above a certain threshold value) is selected, which is system-specific . Based on the work of Sohail et al, the optimal ultrasonication parameters were found and subsequently selected for this research, being an amplitude of 30%, a duty cycle of 11.2 ± 0.7%, and a so-called “total energy” of 300J (in “Energy mode”).…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, this procedure is particularly challenging as complete deagglomeration below the EPT can be achieved only if a sufficient ultrasonication energy density (i.e., above a certain threshold value) is selected, which is system-specific. 16 Based on the work of Sohail et al, 17 the optimal ultrasonication parameters were found and subsequently selected for this research, being an amplitude of 30%, a duty cycle of 11.2 ± 0.7%, and a so-called "total energy" of 300J (in "Energy mode"). A complementary study (see Supporting Information 1) showed that the ultrasonication energy density was assessed at 20−30 J/g.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Water Uptake on the Electrical Properties of Carbon Black-Epoxy Nanocomposites

Fauche,

Windey,

Pfeiffer

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Water ingress in composite structures is a potentially costly problem, and its detection before related damage begins to appear is of utmost importance. Carbon black fillers (CB) and epoxy matrices can be used to produce water-sensitive nanocomposites that can be integrated into composites during production. Nevertheless, the effects of water uptake on the electrical properties of CB-epoxy nanocomposites have scarcely been reported. Therefore, this paper successfully provides a better understanding of the resistance-water uptake response of such a material. Bulk specimens were manufactured and then characterized by bulk resistivity measurements and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) to determine the electrical percolation threshold (EPT). The former technique yielded an EPT at 1.71 ± 0.08 wt %CB, which is in good agreement with the EPT range (1.82−1.90 wt %CB) assessed by BDS at 1 Hz (equivalent to DC conditions). Among the Fickian, Langmuir, and relaxation-based model (PEK), the latter best describes the water diffusion kinetics for three immersed specimens with a filler loading near (1.30 and 2.00 wt %CB) and beyond (3.00 wt %CB) the EPT. Both the resistance and absolute impedance (<10 kHz) show a quasi-linear increase induced by water uptake. The change in relative resistance as a function of the water uptake revealed a pseudo-nonlinear piezoresistive behavior. This behavior was particularly significant once the water uptake in near-EPT specimens exceeded a certain threshold, related to a saturation of at least 60%. Above this threshold, the near-EPT specimens showed a strong sensitivity to water uptake, estimated between 5.57 and 116 MΩ/% water . Thus, the near-EPT CB-epoxy nanocomposites were demonstrated to have great potential to detect the ingress of water into the composite structures.

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Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Water Uptake on the Electrical Properties of Carbon Black-Epoxy Nanocomposites

Fauche,

Windey,

Pfeiffer

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

Self Cite

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“…The solvent solution was stirred at 60 • C using a magnetic hotplate stirrer for a total of six hours before adding the powder blend at a ratio of 20% powder 80% solvent by weight. To prevent the PTFE particles from agglomerating, the solution was sonicated for six hours prior to mixing with the PVDF and DMF: acetone solvent [43].…”

Section: Electrospun Fibre Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The investigation of the energy harvesting performance using electrospun PTFE/PVDF based on a triboelectric assembly

White,

Pankaew,

Bavykin

et al. 2024

Smart Mater. Struct.

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This work presents an investigation into the energy harvesting performance of a combination of PTFE and PVDF materials prepared using a one-step electrospinning technique. Before electrospinning, different percentages of the 1-micron PTFE powder were added to a PVDF precursor. The surface morphology of the electrospun PTFE/PVDF fibre was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and tunnelling electron microscope (TEM). The structure was investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). A highly porous structure was observed with a mix of the α- and β-phase PVDF. The amount of β-phase was found to reduce when increasing the percentage of PTFE. The maximum amount of PTFE that could be added and still be successfully electrospun was 20%. This percentage showed the highest energy harvesting performance of the different PTFE/PVDF combinations. Electrospun fibres with different percentages of PTFE were deployed in a triboelectric energy harvester operating in the contact separation mode and the open circuit voltage and short circuit current were obtained at frequencies of 4 to 9 Hz. The 20% PTFE fibre showed 4 (51 to 202 V) and 7 times (1.3 to 9.04 µA) the voltage and current output respectively when compared with the 100% PVDF fibre. The Voc and Isc were measured for different load resistances from 1kΩ to 6GΩ and achieved a maximum power density of 348.5 mW/m2 with a 10 MΩ resistance. The energy stored in capacitors 0.1, 0.47, 1, and 10 µF from a book shaped PTFE/PVDF energy harvester were 1.0, 16.7, 41.2 and 136.8 µJ, respectively. The electrospun fibre is compatible with wearable and e-textile applications as it is breathable and flexible. The electrospun PTFE/PVDF was assembled into shoe insoles to demonstrate energy harvesting performance in a practical application.

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Exfoliating Ti₃AlC₂ MAX into Ti₃C₂T_z MXene: A Powerful Strategy to Enhance High‐Voltage Dielectric Performance of Percolation‐Based PVDF Nanodielectrics

Windey,

Goossens,

Cardous

et al. 2024

Adv Materials Inter

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All‐solid‐state polymer dielectrics benefit from a superior voltage window and conveniently circumvent fire hazards associated with liquid electrolytes. Nevertheless, their future competitiveness with alternative energy storage technologies requires a significant enhancement in their energy density. The addition of conductive 2D MXene particles is a promising strategy for creating percolation‐based nanodielectrics with improved dielectric response. However, a full understanding of the nanodielectric production – microstructure – dielectric performance correlations is crucial. Therefore, this research considered Ti3AlC2 MAX phase and Ti3C2Tz MXene as electrically conductive ceramic fillers in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Microstructural characterization of both nanodielectrics demonstrated excellent filler dispersion. Additionally, the exfoliation of Ti3AlC2 brought forth extensive alignment and interface accessibility, synergistically activating a pronounced interfacial polarization and nanocapacitor mechanism that enhanced the energy density of PVDF by a factor 100 to 3.1 Wh kg−1@0.1 Hz at 22.9 vol% MXene filler. The stellar increase in the PVDF energy density occurred for a broad MXene filler loading range owing to the unique 2D morphology of MXenes, whereas the addition of Ti3AlC2 fillers only caused a detrimental reduction. Hence, this study buttressed the importance to exfoliate the parental MAX phase into multi‐layered MXene as a decisive strategy for boosting nanodielectric performance.

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Ultrasonication optimisation and microstructural characterisation for 3D nanoparticle dispersion in thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers

Cited by 9 publications

References 50 publications

Effects of Water Uptake on the Electrical Properties of Carbon Black-Epoxy Nanocomposites

Effects of Water Uptake on the Electrical Properties of Carbon Black-Epoxy Nanocomposites

The investigation of the energy harvesting performance using electrospun PTFE/PVDF based on a triboelectric assembly

Exfoliating Ti₃AlC₂ MAX into Ti₃C₂T_z MXene: A Powerful Strategy to Enhance High‐Voltage Dielectric Performance of Percolation‐Based PVDF Nanodielectrics

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Ultrasonication optimisation and microstructural characterisation for 3D nanoparticle dispersion in thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers

Cited by 9 publications

References 50 publications

Effects of Water Uptake on the Electrical Properties of Carbon Black-Epoxy Nanocomposites

Effects of Water Uptake on the Electrical Properties of Carbon Black-Epoxy Nanocomposites

The investigation of the energy harvesting performance using electrospun PTFE/PVDF based on a triboelectric assembly

Exfoliating Ti3AlC2 MAX into Ti3C2Tz MXene: A Powerful Strategy to Enhance High‐Voltage Dielectric Performance of Percolation‐Based PVDF Nanodielectrics

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Product

Resources

About

Exfoliating Ti₃AlC₂ MAX into Ti₃C₂T_z MXene: A Powerful Strategy to Enhance High‐Voltage Dielectric Performance of Percolation‐Based PVDF Nanodielectrics