Ultrasonographic Assessment of Thyroid Volume in Delhi Children

Bakshi, Dinkar; Seth, Anju; Narula, MK; Shankar, Ravi

doi:10.1515/jpem.2003.16.6.843

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…On applying BSA-specific norms, only two children were classified as having goiter. [ 35 ] Filipsson Nystrom et al . reported that thyroid gland volumes were significantly higher in Swedish schoolchildren than in the international reference study although iodine intake was considered to be optimal in Sweden.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid gland volume off schoolchildren in the North of Iran: Comparison with other studies

Kalantari

Moghadam

2015

J Res Med Sci

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Background:Few studies have shown the limitation of the World Health Organization (WHO)/ International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency (ICCIDD)-adopted thyroid gland volume references as universal normative values for thyroid gland volume. So we decided to measure thyroid gland volume by sonography in schoolchildren in Rasht, Gilan Province, Iran — Rasht is a metropolitan city on the Caspian Sea coast — and compare them to WHO normative values.Materials and Methods:In a cross-sectional study, 2,522 schoolchildren, aged 6-13 years, in Rasht, Gilan Province, Iran were selected by multistage random sampling. Data were collected on their age, sex, weight, height, body surface area (BSA), and thyroid gland size by palpation and sonography. The terminal phalange of thumb finger volume was calculated with the same formula used in sonography, for the thyroid gland in 1,085 of these cases.Results:Goiter prevalence was 64% (1613 cases) by palpation, 76.1% (1228 subjects) grade I and 23.9% (385 cases) grade II. The mean thyroid gland volume in girls was more than boys (3.67 ± 1.89 mL vs 3.41 ± 1.58 mL, P < 0.0001). According to the 1997 WHO thyroid gland volume reference, none of the children had goiter based on BSA and age even in those with grade II goiters (23.9%). In contrast, the median thyroid gland volume in our cases was larger than the 2004 WHO reference. The best single predictor of thyroid gland volume was age (R2 = 0.391, P < 0.0001) followed by BSA (R2 = 0.151, P < 0.0001). There was also a significant difference between thyroid gland and finger volume in all grades of goiter and grade II goiters (3 ± 1.4 mL vs 9.59 ± 2.4 mL; P < 0.0001. 4.3 ± 1.4 mL vs 9.3 ± 2.5 mL; P < 0.0001).Conclusion:The WHO standards for thyroid gland volume by sonography may underestimate or overestimate the goiter prevalence in many areas and populations. Finger volume was much larger than thyroid gland volume in even visible goiters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid gland volume off schoolchildren in the North of Iran: Comparison with other studies

Kalantari

Moghadam

2015

J Res Med Sci

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“…This is in agreement with previous studies done elsewhere. [3,6,8] Sullivan et al [3] suggested that these differences might be due to the fact that children in developing countries are usually thinner and shorter than their European counterparts, while Wiersinga et al . [7] studied the thyroid volume in Dutch school children, and attributed these differences to the iodine deficiency that existed in many Europe countries up to the early 1990s.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4,5] Normal ranges of thyroid volume by ultrasound (US) in the pediatric age group have been published by many authors. [2,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] One documented nutritional study in a Nigerian population was found in the reviewed literature. [12] However, no such similar studies have been done in Benin City Edo State, Nigeria even though cassava products are major staple foods in Edo state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[12] Studies have shown that it is more appropriate to use local reference values in the evaluation of children with goiter, than the World Health Organization (WHO) references which are mostly European based. [6,[8][9][10]13] This study is thus aimed at providing normative thyroid gland volume reference data for children that can be used for IDD screening in Benin city and compare the values with reference values from studies done in other populations. US of the thyroid gland are a universally recognized standard imaging procedure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative ultrasound measurement of normal thyroid gland dimensions in school aged children in our local environment

2012

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“…Although there was no agreement on reference values, more than the upper normal limit of TV (>97th percentile) in children living in normal iodine-supply regions was considered indicative of goitre (15,16) . Only a few studies have used ultrasound in India to estimate goitre prevalence in endemic IDD regions (17,18) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Assessment of iodine nutrition of schoolchildren in Gonda, India, indicates improvement and effectivity of salt iodisation

Gaurav

Yadav

Kumar

et al. 2021

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To study the total goiter rate (TGR), urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and salt iodine content among school children in a previously endemic area for severe iodine deficiency disorder (IDD). Design: Cross-sectional epidemiological study. Setting: The study was carried out in the Gonda district (sub-Himalayan region) of North India. Participants: Nine hundred and seventy-seven school children (6-12 years) were studied for parameters such as height, weight, UIC, and salt iodine content. Thyroid volume (TV) was measured by ultrasonography to estimate TGR. Results: The overall TGR in the study population was 2.8% (95% CI: 1.8-3.8%). No significant difference in TGR was observed between boys and girls (3.5% vs. 1.9%, p=0.2). There was a non-significant trend of increasing TGR with age (p=0.05). Median UIC was 157.1 μg/L (IQR: 94.5-244.9). At the time of the study, 97% of salt sample were iodized and nearly 86% of salt samples had iodine content higher than or equal to 15 ppm. Overall, TGR was significantly lower (2.8% vs. 31.0%, p<0.001), and median UIC was significantly higher (157.1 vs. 100.0 μg/L, p<0.05) than reported in the same area in 2009. Conclusions: A marked improvement was seen in overall iodine nutrition in the Gonda district after three and a half decades of USI. To sustainably control IDD, USI and other programs such as health education, must be continuously implemented along with putting mechanisms to monitor the program at regular intervals in place.

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Ultrasonographic Assessment of Thyroid Volume in Delhi Children

Abstract: The WHO standards for thyroid volume by ultrasonography tended to underestimate goitre prevalence.

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Thyroid gland volume off schoolchildren in the North of Iran: Comparison with other studies

Thyroid gland volume off schoolchildren in the North of Iran: Comparison with other studies

Comparative ultrasound measurement of normal thyroid gland dimensions in school aged children in our local environment

Assessment of iodine nutrition of schoolchildren in Gonda, India, indicates improvement and effectivity of salt iodisation

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