Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Fetal Resorption in Relation to Age, Parity, Body Condition and Breed in Bitches

Sharma, Lokesh Kumar; Sarath, T.; Joseph, Cecilia; Sridevi, P.; Arunmozhi, N.; Monica, G.

doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.019

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…There are no contractions, and the fetus is not being expelled out, but the fetus is dissolved into the uterus without externally visible signs. As reported by Sharma et al [19] the size of the breed was found to have a significant effect on the incidence of fetal resorption in bitches, the incidence being significantly higher in medium and large sized breeds. However, in our study, no differences between the bitches' size were detected for litter size.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

“…In this context, taking into account that during pregnancy there is a high demand for energy, protein and vitamins which may affect the survival of the embryos if not available [ 27 ], the low percentage of fetal resorption of the experimental group should be related to the specific diet, even if it is difficult to define which nutrients (e.g., crude protein, LA:ALA, folate) play a more decisive role. Indeed, nutritional factors were considered a non-infectious potential cause of fetal resorption [ 19 ]. Because dietary ingredients vary in protein content (range, 27–34% as fed) and amino acid profile, diets with 29–32% animal-based protein sources are recommended for pregnant bitches [ 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Two Commercial Diets on Several Reproductive Parameters in Bitches: Note One—From Estrous Cycle to Parturition

Orlandi¹,

Vallesi²,

Calabrò

et al. 2020

Animals

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The close link between nutrition management and reproductive efficiency is well known, but there is very little data available concerning this topic in canine species. The present study aimed to compare the effect of two different diets upon the follicular period and gestation in bitches. Eighteen pluriparus medium and large size bitches were recruited and divided into control (CTR) and experimental (EX) groups and fed, respectively, with a commercial kibble diet and a specially formulated diet from two months before the expected onset of proestrus up to the end of the trial. It was possible to observe how the EX group had a better clinical presentation of the estrous phase, a higher number of ovarian follicles (p < 0.05), a lower percentage of fetal resorption (p < 0.05), and lower oxidative status, expressed by d-ROMs (p < 0.01), at the moment of pregnancy diagnosis compared to CTR group. Moreover, the EX group showed a lower fetal resorption rate and higher litter size (p < 0.05). These results highlight how a diet characterized by high protein and fat content and richer in essential fatty acids can improve reproductive performance in dogs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Two Commercial Diets on Several Reproductive Parameters in Bitches: Note One—From Estrous Cycle to Parturition

Orlandi¹,

Vallesi²,

Calabrò

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…However, as noted in this experiment, studies based on canine embryology report that at day 21 the embryo is 4.5mm long (Pieri et al 2015). Monitoring embryonic development is necessary since death of one or more embryos may not cause clinical signs (Sharma et al 2018). Gestational echobiometry in brachycephalic bitches using high-definition ultrasonography The present study showed kidney echobiometry as a discrete predictor of gestational age, corroborating human studies that demonstrate the usefulness of measurement of the length of the kidney to evaluate fetal abnormalities; however, not as a good indicator of growth (Brennan et al 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Gestational echobiometry in brachycephalic bitches using high-definition ultrasonography

et al. 2021

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The objective of the present study was to obtain echobiometric values for the most important canine maternal-fetal tissues using high-definition ultrasonography (HDUS) trying to update the formulas for predicting gestational age. Twelve healthy bitches of brachycephalic breeds weighing 7-13kg and aged one to four years were included. The fetuses were analyzed every day using conventional and high-definition ultrasonography from the eighth day after artificial insemination until the day of delivery, using the ACUSON S2000/SIEMENS ultrasound equipment and specific software. Embryonic and fetal structures; diameter of the embryonic vesicle; length of the embryo; biparietal diameter, abdominal length and kidney height; length of the femur, humerus, scapula, radius, and tibia; thickening of the stomach wall; adrenal length; and cardiac size were measured. These variables were correlated with gestational and adjusted tested according to regression models. The results obtained (P<0.001) for: lateral diameter of the gestational sac (R2=81.8%); length of the embryo (R2=85.7%); biparietal (R2=99.1%) and abdominal diameter (R2=97.2%); thickness of the gastric wall (R2=86.9%); length of the femur (R2=96.6%), radius (R2=97.5%), humerus (R2=96.5%), scapula (R2=95.8%) and tibia (R2=97.3%); kidney length (R2=95.8%) and height (R2=96.0%); adrenal length (R2=89.6%); heart length (R2=93.0%) and height (R2=91.5%) of the canine fetuses showed significant correlation with gestational days. This allowed monitoring fetal growth and estimation of age with high accuracy in different gestational periods.

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“…Because there was no evidence of expulsion of fetal tissue in any of the losses, it is likely that concepti were absorbed. There are reports of embryo resorption in many species, including canine ( Canis lupus familiaris ) ( Sharma et al 2018 ) and murine ( Musmusculus ) ( Flores et al 2014 ). In wolverine ( Gulogulo ) carcasses, examination of uteri revealed that resorption of fetuses was detected in 2 of 19 litters macroscopically; the authors hypothesized that non-detectable losses in utero , possibly during pre-implantation, are unknown but likely large ( Banci & Harestad 1988 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of pregnancy loss and characterization of fetal development in red pandas

Lowe

Curry

2021

Reproduction and Fertility

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Previous reports indicate that red pandas (Ailurus fulgens styani) may experience fetal loss during gestation; however, neither the rate nor timing of pregnancy failure has been described in this species. The objective of the current study was to utilize ultrasound video and images collected between 2010-2020 at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden to better characterize pregnancy loss and fetal development. Trans-abdominal ultrasound examinations were performed on six female red pandas over a 10-year period, resulting in 12 profiles. Pregnancy was diagnosed via ultrasound in all profiles in which cubs were produced (n = 8) and in two profiles in which cubs were not produced. Two additional females did not produce cubs and no concepti were discernible via ultrasound. Fetal loss was documented in 40.0% of pregnancies and was classified into Lost (2 of 10; 20.0%), in which no cubs were produced, or Partial Loss (2 of 10; 20.0%), in which two concepti were visualized via ultrasound, but only one cub was born. Fetal loss occurred between days 51 and 23 pre-partum. Fetal growth characteristics were documented, including skeletal ossification (occurring between day 32 and 27 pre-partum), crown-rump length, head length, cranial length, and fetal heart rate (173-206 beats per minute). These findings provide novel insights into pregnancy loss, may serve as a reference for milestones of fetal development, and may be useful in diagnosing pregnancy and assessing pregnancy loss in red pandas.

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Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Fetal Resorption in Relation to Age, Parity, Body Condition and Breed in Bitches

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Effects of Two Commercial Diets on Several Reproductive Parameters in Bitches: Note One—From Estrous Cycle to Parturition

Effects of Two Commercial Diets on Several Reproductive Parameters in Bitches: Note One—From Estrous Cycle to Parturition

Gestational echobiometry in brachycephalic bitches using high-definition ultrasonography

Incidence of pregnancy loss and characterization of fetal development in red pandas

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