Background: To evaluate the effect of treatment on serum bone biomarkers and explore whether serum bone biomarkers are associated with therapeutic response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with abatacept.Methods: We enrolled 59 RA patients treated with abatacept from a multicenter prospective ultrasound cohort study of patients who received biologic or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy. We evaluated the patients' clinical disease activity and musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) scores. The serum concentrations of five bone biomarkers were evaluated (dickkopf-1 [Dkk-1], sclerostin [SOST], osteocalcin [OC], osteopontin [OPN], and osteoprotegerin [OPG]) by multiplex bead assays at baseline, 3, and 6 months: the change over 6 months was defined as the Δ value. 'Power Doppler (PD) responder' was defined as a patient whose Δtotal PD score over 6 months was greater than the median change.Results: Abatacept significantly improved clinical disease activity as well as the MSUS score over 6 months. Serum OPG was significantly elevated at 6 months after the introduction of abatacept (p=0.016). The ΔSOST and ΔOPG values were negatively correlated with the Δtotal PD score (rs= −0.31, p<0.05 and rs= −0.34, p<0.01, respectively). The serum Dkk-1 at baseline was significantly lower in the PD responders (n=30) compared to the non-PD responders (n=29) (p=0.026). A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the serum Dkk-1 at baseline (odds ratio 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23–0.91, p=0.043) was an independent predictor of PD responder status.Conclusion: Serum levels of bone biomarkers may be useful for predicting RA patients' therapeutic response to abatacept.Name of the registry: Assessment of therapeutic responsiveness by imaging of the joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; A observational cohort studyTrial registration number: UMIN000012524Date of registration: 12/9/2013URL of trial registry record: https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000014657