Ultrasonographic evaluation of reticular motility during rest, eating, rumination and stress in 30 healthy cows

Braun, Ueli; Rauch, Stefan

doi:10.1136/vr.163.19.571

Cited by 31 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The reticulum was visualised ultrasonographically in all cows confirming previous findings (Braun and Götz, 1994;Braun and Rauch, 2008). It had a crescent shape, was immediately adjacent to the peritoneum and had 11.0 ± 2.12 biphasic contractions in 9 minutes (1.2 ± 0.24 contractions/min) (Tab.…”

Section: Reticulumsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…The amplitudes were smaller than in previous studies (Braun and Rauch, 2008), which may have been due to differences in the measuring technique (see Tab. 2, footnote 1).…”

contrasting

confidence: 47%

“…They were also invasive because they involved fistulation of the rumen. Ultrasonography has been used successfully for the assessment of the reticulum and reticular motility (Braun and Götz, 1994;Braun and Rauch, 2008) as well as for imaging the rumen (Tschuor and Clauss, 2008;Imran et al, 2011;Braun et al, 2013). The main goal of this study was therefore to investigate the feasibility of ultrasonography for the assessment of ruminal motility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonographic assessment of reticuloruminal motility in 45 cows

Braun¹,

Schweizer²

2015

SAT

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The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of ultrasonographic assessment of reticuloruminal motility in 45 healthy cows. The transducers of five ultrasound machines were connected to a digital video recorder and placed simultaneously at five sites on the left side of the cows to scan the reticulorumen (reticulum; ruminal atrium; dorsal sac of the rumen; left longitudinal groove; ruminal recess, caudodorsal and caudoventral blind sacs). The video streams from all five ultrasound machines were recorded synchronously with the same time line and displayed on a single monitor. Time 0 was defined as the start of a biphasic reticular contraction. The reticulum was visualised in all cows and had 11.0 ± 2.12 biphasic contractions in 9 min. The ruminal atrium was visualised in 40 (89%) cows and had 10.7 ± 2.10 contractions in 9 min, which started at the time point 5.0 ± 0.83 sec and lasted 7.0 ± 2.14 sec. Contractions of the dorsal sac of the rumen, visible in all cows, were visualised in 29 (64%) cows. There were 9.5 ± 1.8 contractions in 9 min that started at the time point 4.0 ± 0.85 sec and lasted 8.2 ± 1.04 sec. The left longitudinal groove was seen contracting in 39 (87%) cows. There were 10.2 ± 1.98 contractions in 9 min that started at the time point 4.1 ± 1.81 sec and lasted 7.8 ± 1.19 sec. Contractions of the ventral sac of the rumen (ruminal recess) were seen in 31 (69%) cows. There were 7.5 ± 2.59 contractions in 9 min that started at the time point 14.3 ± 4.30 sec. Contractions of the caudodorsal and caudoventral blind sacs were seen in 34 (76%) cows. There were 9.0 ± 2.75 (1.0 ± 0.31) contractions/min and 9.4 ± 2.09 (1.0 ± 0.23) contractions/min of the dorsal and ventral blind sacs, and they started at the time points 6.2 ± 1.32 sec and 21.3 ± 6.20 sec, respectively. Primary contraction cycles were seen in all cows and secondary cycles in 22 (49%) cows. The former were complete in 37 (82%) cows and incomplete in 8 (18%). There were 11.0 ± 2.12 primary and 4.5 ± 2.15 secondary cycles in 9 min, and the ratio between primary and motilisecondary cycles averaged 2.4:1. Ultrasonography is suitable for the assessment of reticuloruminal motility in cattle. cows. There were 10.2 ± 1.98 contractions in 9 min that started at the time point 4.1 ± 1.81 sec and lasted 7.8 ± 1.19 sec. Contractions of the ventral sac of the rumen (ruminal recess) were seen in 31 (69 %) cows. There were 7.5 ± 2.59 contractions in 9 min that started at the time point 14.3 ± 4.30 sec. Contractions of the caudodorsal and caudoventral blind sacs were seen in 34 (76 %) cows. There were 9.0 ± 2.75 (1.0 ± 0.31) contractions/min and 9.4 ± 2.09 (1.0 ± 0.23) contractions/min of the dorsal and ventral blind sacs, and they started at the time points 6.2 ± 1.32 sec and 21.3 ± 6.20 sec, respectively. Primary contraction cycles were seen in all cows and secondary cycles in 22 (49 %) cows. The former were complete in 37 (82 %) cows and incomplete in 8 (18 %). There were 11.0 ± 2.12 primary and 4.5 ± 2.15 secondary cycles in 9 min, ...

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Section: Reticulumsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…The amplitudes were smaller than in previous studies (Braun and Rauch, 2008), which may have been due to differences in the measuring technique (see Tab. 2, footnote 1).…”

contrasting

confidence: 47%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonographic assessment of reticuloruminal motility in 45 cows

Braun¹,

Schweizer²

2015

SAT

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“…A number of factors, including eating, rumination and stress, affect reticular motility [21,22]. The number of reticular contractions is highest during eating (approximately 1.5/min) and lowest when the cow is stressed (a little less than 1.0/min).…”

Section: Control Of Reticular Motilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonography of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Cattle

Braun

2009

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

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Ultrasonography is an ideal diagnostic tool for the investigation of bovine gastrointestinal disorders, the most common of which are traumatic reticuloperitonitis, left and right displacement of the abomasum, ileus of the small intestine, and dilatation and displacement of the cecum. An ultrasonographic examination is performed on nonsedated, standing cattle using a 3.5 MHz to 5.0 linear or convex transducer. When a tentative diagnosis has been made based on the clinical findings, often only the region in question is examined. For example, in cases with suspected traumatic reticuloperitonitis, the examination is performed in the sternal and parasternal regions, and in cattle suspected of having cholestasis, only the costal part of the abdominal wall on the right side is examined. Even experienced clinicians may not be able to pinpoint the organ affected and make a diagnosis in patients in which abdominal disease is suspected, however. In such cases, both sides of the abdomen are examined. Normally, the reticulum,1,2 spleen,1-4 rumen,2 and parts of the abomasum5,6 are seen on the left side, and the liver,7-9 omasum,10,11 parts of the abomasum,5,6 small intestine,12,13 large intestine,14,15 and right kidney16 are seen on the right. The uterus may be seen on either side depending on the stage of pregnancy. This article describes the ultrasonographic techniques used for examination of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, and large intestine. The normal findings are presented followed by a description of the most important diseases of these organs.Ultrasonography of the gastrointestinal tract in cattle AbstractUltrasonography is an ideal diagnostic tool for investigating gastrointestinal disorders in cattle. It is performed on standing non-sedated cattle using a 3.5 to 5.0 MHz linear or convex transducer. In animals with traumatic reticuloperitonitis, inflammatory fibrinous changes and abscesses can be imaged. Ultrasonography can be used to assess the size, position and contents of the abomasum. In left displacement of the abomasum, the abomasum is seen

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“…173 From examination 2 onward, the reticulum was seen in the sternal region in all calves and up to 174 examination 4 was often displaced from the abdominal wall by the spleen or liver (Fig 1). After 175 examination 4, the reticulum was adjacent to the abdominal wall and the reticular wall was visible as 176 an echogenic line as described in adult cattle (Braun and Rauch, 2008). Because of its gaseous nature, 177 the reticular contents were not visible, or only produced an ill-defined echo near the reticular wall.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Ultrasonographic examination of the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum during the first 100days of life in calves

Braun

Krüger

Hässig

2013

Research in Veterinary Science

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The goal of this study was to examine the development of the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum in six calves from birth to 100days of age by means of six serial ultrasonographic examinations. The examinations were carried out in standing animals using a 5MHz-transducer as described previously. The calves were primarily fed milk until examination 4 and then they were weaned. The reticulum was assessed for its shape and contractility, the rumen for its size and content, the omasum for its size, content and motility and the abomasum for its size and content before and after the ingestion of milk. The reticulum was seen in all calves starting at examination 2 and had biphasic and triphasic contractions; the latter were associated with eructation. The rumen was always imaged in all calves as early as Day 1 and its visible size increased progressively in all intercostal spaces (ICSs) during the study period. The omasum was best imaged in the 8th or 9th ICS; it was seen medial to the liver dorsally and usually medial to small intestines ventrally. Its visible size in these two ICSs increased progressively but omasal motility was not apparent. In newborn calves the abomasum was the largest compartment and dominated the abdominal cavity. It was visible from the 5th ICS to the flank. Except for examination 2, the mean visible abomasal length was significantly larger after feeding than before. Lateral abomasal extension to the left was greater than to the right at examinations 1-4, but was much smaller than to the right at examinations 5 and 6 because of progressive expansion of the rumen. Abomasal extension into the right hemiabdomen changed little during the study period. The goal of this study was to examine the development of the reticulum, rumen, omasum and 26 abomasum in six calves from birth to 100 days of age by means of six serial ultrasonographic 27 examinations. The examinations were carried out in standing animals using a 5 MHz-transducer as 28 described previously. The calves were primarily fed milk until examination 4 and then they were 29 weaned. The reticulum was assessed for its shape and contractility, the rumen for its size and content, 30 the omasum for its size, content and motility and the abomasum for its size and content before and

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Ultrasonographic evaluation of reticular motility during rest, eating, rumination and stress in 30 healthy cows

Cited by 31 publications

References 16 publications

Ultrasonographic assessment of reticuloruminal motility in 45 cows

Ultrasonographic assessment of reticuloruminal motility in 45 cows

Ultrasonography of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Cattle

Ultrasonographic examination of the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum during the first 100days of life in calves

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