Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thyroid gland volume among 8-15-year-old children in Isfahan, Iran

Moradi, Maryam; Hashemipour, Mahin; Akbari, Sh. Afyouni; Kor, Zahra; Mirbod, Sayed Ali; Kooshanmehr, Mohammad Reza

doi:10.4103/2277-9175.124637

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The WHO has developed criteria for defining TGR in children based on BSA, age, and sex (16,19), whereas the criteria in China were according to age (5). In this study, the Tvol was slightly higher in boys than in girls which is consistent with other studies (10,32,33). However, when stratified by age, these sex differences and differences in BSA (data not shown) were only observed in children aged 8-9 y.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Associations between iodine intake, thyroid volume, and goiter rate in school-aged Chinese children from areas with high iodine drinking water concentrations

Chen

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Excessive iodine intake may have adverse effects on the thyroid, particularly in children, but the safe upper iodine intake concentration in children is unclear. Objective: We assessed the adverse effects of high iodine intake from iodine-rich drinking water on thyroid size in children by examining associations between thyroid volume (Tvol), total goiter rate (TGR), and iodine intake. Design: In a multistage cross-sectional survey, we collected two 24-h urine samples on 2 nonconsecutive days and determined 24-h urinary iodine excretion, then calculated habitual daily iodine intake. Ultrasonographic Tvol was measured, and TGR was calculated based on international and Chinese reference ranges for Tvol in children.Results: This study included 2089 children from Shandong province, where the median (IQR) drinking water iodine concentration was 183 mg/L (69-406 mg/L). The median (IQR) 24-h urinary iodine concentrations for the 2 collections were 381 mg/L (203-649 mg/L) and 398 mg/L (202-687 mg/L), respectively. The median (IQR) habitual daily iodine intake of children was 298 mg/d (186-437 mg/d). Tvols were slightly higher in boys than in girls (P = 0.035). The overall TGR was 9.7% and did not differ by sex. The TGR was w5% for children aged 7-10 and 11-14 y at iodine intakes of 200-249 and 250-299 mg/d, respectively. With the use of logistic regression and 2-step linear regression, a nonlinear association was observed between Tvol, TGR, and iodine intake, with a threshold intake of 150 mg/d. Conclusions: Tvol begins to increase in children when iodine intake is $150 mg/d, and the TGR exceeds 5% when daily iodine intake is $250 mg/d for children aged 7-10 y and $300 mg/d for children aged 11-14 y. Our findings suggest that 150-249 and 150-299 mg/d seem to be safe upper iodine intake ranges for children aged 7-10 and 11-14 y, respectively. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02915536.Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:228-33.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Associations between iodine intake, thyroid volume, and goiter rate in school-aged Chinese children from areas with high iodine drinking water concentrations

Chen

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…The thyroid gland increases in size as children grow, and some studies have suggested that there is no significant difference in thyroid volume between genders, and others stated that differences were seen post‐puberty . Age, sex and anthropometric characteristics such as body surface area (BSA), weight and height of individuals are positively associated with thyroid volume . Thyroid volume as a function of BSA takes into account the difference in body development between children of the same age especially in developing countries .…”

Section: Anthropometric Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of sonographic thyroid volume and iodine sufficiency in children: An Australian perspective

Johnson

Edwards

Reddan

2019

Australas J Ultrason Med

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Sonographic measurement of the thyroid gland volume is a safe and reliable method for epidemiologic studies in iodine deficiency disorders. Several factors such as age, sex and anthropometric characteristics are known to be the determinants of thyroid gland size but the most widely studied is the effect of insufficient iodine intake. Low iodine intake induces enlargement of the thyroid gland known as goitre. The assessment of urinary iodine concentration alone is not reliable as it can vary daily within individuals. Urinary iodine concentration in conjunction with sonographic thyroid gland measurements is a widely used method of thyroid gland assessment. Establishment of normative thyroid volume is essential for the assessment of iodine deficiency disorders, and studies have been conducted in several countries. These studies have shown that thyroid gland volumes are likely population‐specific even in iodine‐sufficient countries limiting the effectiveness of international reference ranges. Based on currently available data of sonographic thyroid gland volume measurements and how they vary across populations of school children, this review argues for the establishment of population‐specific reference ranges in regions such as Australia, which are now considered iodine‐sufficient.

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“…Objęli oni badaniem grupę 360 dzieci szkolnych w wieku 8-15 lat (59% stanowiły dziewczynki). Stwierdzono, że objętość tarczycy u dzieci objętych badaniem była mniejsza niż referencyjne wartości zaproponowane przez WHO [20].…”

Section: Dyskusjaunclassified

The role of the ultrasound scanning in the diagnostics of the thyroid gland of children and adolescents

Nowalska¹,

Suligowska²,

Pac-Kożuchowska³

2016

Pediatr. Endocrinol.

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Thyroid gland diseases constitute an essential part of pathologies in paediatric endocrinology. Ultrasound examination is the basic imaging method used to evaluate morphological condition of the thyroid gland. In many cases morphological changes visible in the ultrasound scan precede occurrence of clinical signs and hormonal impairments. Familiarity with typical imagesof particular thyroid gland diseases enables to surmise specific pathological disorderssolely on the basis of the ultrasound examination. Ultrasound imaging is used not only in the diagnostics but also to monitor thyroid gland diseases treatment as well as to perform thyroid gland biopsy correctly. Data from the literatureand results of authors' own research indicate the need for the development of regional standards of thyroid gland volume. In the present study we present results of research carried out worldwide by many scientists evaluating thyroid gland volume of healthy children and those indicating thyroid gland pathologies diagnosed by ultrasound scanning. Conclusions. The ultrasound examination is considered to be a gold standard in imaging diagnosis of thyroid gland, particularly in the developmental age. Pediatr. Endocrinol. 2016.15.4.57.51-58. © Copyright by PTEiDD 2016Słowa kluczowe badanie ultrasonograficzne, tarczyca, choroby dzieci StreszczenieChoroby gruczołu tarczowego stanowią dużą część patologii w endokrynologii pediatrycznej. Podstawową metodą obrazową służącą do oceny stanu morfologicznego tarczycy jest badanie ultrasonograficzne. W wielu przypadkach zmiany morfologiczne tarczycy widoczne w USG poprzedzają wystąpienie objawów klinicznych i zaburzeń hormonalnych. Znajomość obrazów charakterystycznych dla poszczególnych schorzeń tarczycy sprawia, że już na podstawie wyniku badania USG możemy sugerować konkretne jednostki chorobowe. Badanie ultrasonograficzne znajduje zastosowanie nie tylko w diagnostyce, ale i w monitorowaniu leczenia chorób tarczycy, jak rów-nież jest pomocne w prawidłowym wykonaniu biopsji gruczołu tarczowego. Dane z piśmiennictwa oraz wyniki badań własnych wskazują na konieczność opracowania norm regionalnych dla objętości tarczycy. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań z różnych części świata, oceniające objętość tarczycy u dzieci zdrowych oraz badania wykazujące patologie tarczycy zdiagnozowane w badaniu ultrasonograficznym. Wniosek. Badanie ultrasonograficzne stanowi złoty standard w diagnostyce obrazowej gruczołu tarczowego szczególnie w wieku rozwojowym.

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Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thyroid gland volume among 8-15-year-old children in Isfahan, Iran

Cited by 15 publications

References 19 publications

Associations between iodine intake, thyroid volume, and goiter rate in school-aged Chinese children from areas with high iodine drinking water concentrations

Associations between iodine intake, thyroid volume, and goiter rate in school-aged Chinese children from areas with high iodine drinking water concentrations

A review of sonographic thyroid volume and iodine sufficiency in children: An Australian perspective

The role of the ultrasound scanning in the diagnostics of the thyroid gland of children and adolescents

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