Ultrasonographic features of the mule embryo, fetus and fetal-placental unit

Paolucci, Marco; Palombi, Claudio; Sylla, Lakamy; Stradaioli, G.; Monaci, Maurizio

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.07.030

Cited by 17 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The average GL of mule pregnancies, 341.1 ± 1.6 days, was more similar to previous reports in the literature for equine pregnancies. For example, the GL for equine pregnancies has been reported as Warmblood 340.3 ± 0.6 days (Christmann et al, 2017) and 342.7 days in Thoroughbreds, Quarter Horses and other breeds (McCue & Ferris, 2012). This difference of GL even between equine pregnancies of different breeds is an interesting point, as it validates our finding that there would be a significant difference between GL between equine and mule pregnancies.…”

Section: General Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…However, a shorter GL has also been reported for jennies, 353.4 ± 13.0 days (range 339–370 days) (Crisci et al, ). The GL of Trotter mares pregnant with mule foals was 342.3 ± 10.8 days (Paolucci, Palombi, Sylla, Stradaioli, & Monaci, ). Additionally, a study compared the GL of mares bred by a stallion, mean of 336.5 days (range 307–361 days), to mares bred by a donkey, mean 343.1 days (range 315–369 days) (Giger, Meier, & Kupfer, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variables such as mare, month of foaling, foal sex, breed, age of mare, year of conception and month of conception have been reported to influence GL (Davies Morel et al, 2002;McCue & Ferris, 2012;Valera et al, 2006). Studies have reported mixed results to whether the foal sex has an effect on GL, with some reporting longer intervals for colts (Davies Morel et al, 2002;McCue & Ferris, 2012;Valera et al, 2006), while no difference of GL in relation to foal gender has also been reported (Campitelli, Carenzi, & Verga, 1982;Ferreira et al, 2016;Galisteo & Perez-Marin, 2010). To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated and compared the gestational length of mares pregnant with equine or mule foals with exact ovulation dates while also investigating effect of foal sex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Are mule pregnancies really longer than equine pregnancies? Comparison between mule and equine pregnancies

Boakari

Alonso

Riccio

et al. 2019

Reprod Domestic Animals

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Contents In equine management, it is important to predict the approximate foaling date of mares to monitor parturition and allow early identification and intervention of problems during the perinatal period. There are no studies comparing accurate gestational length (GL) when mares are carrying mule foals and no controlled comparisons between GL of mares pregnant with equine or mule foals. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare GL of mares pregnant with equine or mule foals and establish normal reference values for GL of mares pregnant with male and female mules. Gestational length of Mangalarga Paulista breed mares pregnant with equine (n = 54) or with mule (n = 54) foals during the breeding seasons of 2007 to 2016 was evaluated. The mean GL was 347.2 ± 1.4 days (range of 326–368 days) and 341.1 ± 1.6 days (range of 307–360 days) for equine and mule pregnancies, respectively. The normal GL reference for mule pregnancies was 316.9–365.3 days. Therefore, GL of equine pregnancies was longer than of mule pregnancies. Gestational length was not different when pregnancies resulted in females or males within each group. This study established an important reference value for normal GL of mule pregnancies, which can be used by practitioners to estimate and predict foaling dates more accurately.

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Section: General Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Are mule pregnancies really longer than equine pregnancies? Comparison between mule and equine pregnancies

Boakari

Alonso

Riccio

et al. 2019

Reprod Domestic Animals

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“…On the following ultrasound evaluations, between 25 and 60 days of pregnancy, the developmental pattern of the conceptus, including allantoic sac development, yolk sac regression and umbilical cord formation, was similar to that described for mated or inseminated pregnant mares (GINTHER, 1992;1998), jennies (MEIRA et al, 1998) and mule embryos (PAOLUCCI et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…The same growth reduction was found in embryonic vesicles of jennies (MEIRA et al, 1998) and mule embryos (PAOLUCCI et al, 2012), and is attributed to the increased uterine tone which limits the vesicle expansion on a cross-sectional view by ultrasonography (GINTHER, 1995). Thus, the embryonic growth profile is similar in early pregnancies of cyclic and non-cyclic pregnant mares, jennies and pregnancies carrying mule embryos.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Ultrasonography of the conceptus development from days 15 to 60 of pregnancy in non-cyclic recipient mares

et al. 2015

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The present study evaluated the development of equine conceptus transferred to non-cyclic recipient mares treated with altrenogest. Twenty four mares were used as embryo recipients during the ovulatory phase (Control group; n=8) or anestrus/transitional phases (Altrenogest group; n=16) and were evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography, at five day intervals, to monitor the development of embryonic vesicles from 15 to 45 days of pregnancy and embryo proper/fetus from 20 to 60 days. Embryonic vesicle's features such as shape, embryo location within the vesicle and umbilical cord development were similar between cyclic and non-cyclic recipient mares. The embryonic vesicle and embryo proper/fetus growth was significant (P<0.05) between 15 and 60 days of gestation in Altrenogest and Control groups, except for days 20 to 30, where embryonic vesicle growth decrease was observed (P>0.05). The embryonic vesicle and embryo proper/fetus growth was similar (P>0.05) when gestational days were compared between groups. The similarity in conceptus growth between cyclic and non-cyclic recipient mares during early pregnancy indicates that the uterine environment of non-cyclic recipient mares treated with progestins provides similar conditions for the development of transferred embryos

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Update on diagnosing and treating ascending placentitis in horses

Crabtree

2023

In Practice

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Background: Ascending placentitis is a relatively uncommon condition in horses; however, it can have significant consequences on the health of a pregnancy. If undiagnosed the condition commonly results in abortion which may come with a significant emotional and economic burden to horse breeders.Aim of the article: This article focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of ascending bacterial placentitis, bringing readers up to date with recent advances in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of clinical cases.

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Ultrasonographic features of the mule embryo, fetus and fetal-placental unit

Cited by 17 publications

References 26 publications

Are mule pregnancies really longer than equine pregnancies? Comparison between mule and equine pregnancies

Are mule pregnancies really longer than equine pregnancies? Comparison between mule and equine pregnancies

Ultrasonography of the conceptus development from days 15 to 60 of pregnancy in non-cyclic recipient mares

Update on diagnosing and treating ascending placentitis in horses

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