Ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland‐to‐aorta ratio as a method of estimating adrenal size in dogs

Agut, Amalia; Martinez, Miryam; Ansón, Agustina; Soler, Marta

doi:10.1136/vr.105188

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…As previously described, adrenal length and height measured on the sagittal plane were significantly correlated with BW and showed less variation, particularly in small-breed dogs [9,16,17]. Moreover, the caudal pole of adrenal thickness measured on the sagittal plane was significantly correlated with gross appearance [24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…One of the criteria for differentiating a normal adrenal gland from an enlarged one is its dimensions. However, it may not be suitable for determining adrenal lesions because it is influenced by the dogs’ breed, BW, age, and sex [ 6 , 9 , 10 , 17 , 18 , 20 ]. Therefore, detecting adrenal disease requires an accurate interpretation of adrenal gland size by comparing the adrenal gland dimensions to Ao diameter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This factor contributes to the ambiguous normal reference of the adrenal gland in dogs, leading to misinterpretation. Several reports have shown that organ dimension-to-aorta (Ao) ratios are useful for assessing normal organ sizes in dogs, including kidneys [ 11 ], caudal vena cava [ 12 , 13 ], portal vein [ 14 ], and intra-abdominal lymph nodes [ 15 ], as well as the adrenal gland [ 16 , 17 ]. However, the adrenal dimension-to-Ao ratio in the normal adrenal gland, PDH, and adrenal tumors has yet to be investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of ultrasonographic adrenal dimensions and the adrenal dimension-to-aorta ratio in the diagnosis of benign and malignant adrenal diseases in dogs

et al. 2023

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Background and Aim: Ultrasound (US) is a useful tool for detecting adrenal abnormalities. However, a definite reference range differentiating normal and diseased adrenal glands in dogs of varying body sizes is still lacking. The organ dimension-to-aorta (Ao) ratio of the dogs is correlated with their body weight (BW). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the adrenal dimensions, including adrenal pole thickness and adrenal length, as well as the adrenal dimension-to-Ao ratio, to differentiate between dogs with normal, benign lesions such as pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) and malignant invasive adrenal tumors. Materials and Methods: The medical records and US images of 39 dogs that were either normal (normal) (n = 15) or affected by PDH (n = 15) or malignant invasive adrenal tumors (tumor) (n = 9) were retrieved in this study. All the dogs had a transabdominal US on the sagittal plane. The adrenal dimensions and luminal Ao diameter at the peak of the systolic phase were recorded. The average adrenal dimensions, including the adrenal dimension-to-Ao ratio, were compared among the groups. Results: Most of the dogs in each group were small-breed dogs with comparable ages, BW, and Ao values. Both adrenal dimensions and the adrenal dimension-to-Ao ratio were significantly lower in the normal group than in the PDH and tumor groups. To differentiate the PDH group from the tumor group, adrenal dimensions of pole thickness and length were more appropriate than the adrenal dimension-to-Ao ratio. Conclusion: Adrenal dimensions and the adrenal dimension-to-Ao ratio can be used to diagnose adrenal diseases. However, in small-breed dogs, adrenal dimensions are suitable for differentiating PDH from tumor groups. Further research is required with a larger sample size and a wider range of canine body sizes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of ultrasonographic adrenal dimensions and the adrenal dimension-to-aorta ratio in the diagnosis of benign and malignant adrenal diseases in dogs

et al. 2023

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“…40 Because of the large variation in body size and conformation among dog breeds, aortic diameter commonly is accepted as a reliable landmark for ratio studies to assess the size of thoracic or abdominal structures, including kidneys, adrenal glands, LA, and main pulmonary artery. [40][41][42] Thoracic width was not measured and therefore could not be used to assess the confounding effect of chest conformation on the association between LA/Ao ratio (and VHS) and B/A. A TH/A ratio was created as a surrogate of the thoracic width-thoracic depth ratio.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of bronchial narrowing in coughing dogs with heart murmurs using computed tomography

Lebastard

Boedec

Howes

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: The origin of cough in dogs with heart murmurs is controversial, because the cough could be primary cardiac (eg, pulmonary edema, bronchi compression by left-sided cardiomegaly) or respiratory (eg, bronchomalacia, other bronchial or bronchiolar disease, interstitial lung disease) in origin.Hypothesis/Objectives: To study the association between left atrium (LA) dilatation and cardiomegaly and bronchial narrowing in coughing dogs with heart murmurs using computed tomography (CT).Animals: Twenty-one client-owned coughing dogs with heart murmurs and 14 historical control dogs.Methods: Dogs with cough and murmur were prospectively recruited over 4 months.Cervical and thoracic radiography, echocardiography, and thoracic CT were performed in enrolled dogs. Control dogs, with no disease on thoracic CT and no records of heart murmur and coughing, were gathered from the institution's computerized database. Degree of bronchial narrowing was assessed using the bronchial-to-aorta (Ao) ratio, measured by 3 radiologists blinded to the clinical findings. After identifying bronchi that were significantly narrowed in dogs with murmur compared to controls, the relationship between degree of narrowing and LA/Ao ratio (measured echocardiographically) and vertebral heart scale (VHS) measured radiographically was studied in dogs with murmur using mixed-effects regression.Result: Significant narrowing was identified for all left-sided bronchi and the right principal, middle, and caudal bronchi in the coughing dogs, compared with controls.Increasing LA size and VHS were significantly inversely associated with diameter for all left-sided and right-sided bronchi indicated above.

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“…The measurements obtained in the present study only correspond to adult non-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows. In dogs, a ratio comparing adrenal gland size and aortic diameter has recently been used to demonstrate the influence of weight on adrenal size and show the absence of any influence of sex or age on this ratio [31,32]. This should be explored in cattle, by considering different factors such as type of production (beef or dairy), breed, level of production, level of stress, etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonography of Normal Adrenal Glands in Adult Holstein–Friesian Cows: A Pilot Study

Barreiro-Vázquez

Barreiro-Lois

Miranda

2020

Animals

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Ultrasonographic reference values for the adrenal glands of cattle have not been reported to date. Adrenal glands can be affected by different pathologies, such as hyperplasia, neoplasia and atrophy (either primary or secondary). The present findings indicate that the right adrenal gland can be easily characterized by transabdominal ultrasound in adult Holstein–Friesian cows, with no apparent influence of age or weight. The right adrenal gland (mean length 3.86 ± 1.39 cm; and mean thickness 1.39 ± 0.26 cm) was consistently and mainly located in the 12th intercostal space. The left adrenal gland was more difficult to locate due to its more medial position, and to the presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract, so it could not be visualized in most animals (18/25). Its mean length was 3.72 ± 0.95 cm, and mean thickness was 1.36 ± 0.33 cm, in the sagittal section. This is the first report of the ultrasonographic appearance of the adrenal glands of cows and of the corresponding reference preliminary values.

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Ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland‐to‐aorta ratio as a method of estimating adrenal size in dogs

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

The use of ultrasonographic adrenal dimensions and the adrenal dimension-to-aorta ratio in the diagnosis of benign and malignant adrenal diseases in dogs

The use of ultrasonographic adrenal dimensions and the adrenal dimension-to-aorta ratio in the diagnosis of benign and malignant adrenal diseases in dogs

Evaluation of bronchial narrowing in coughing dogs with heart murmurs using computed tomography

Ultrasonography of Normal Adrenal Glands in Adult Holstein–Friesian Cows: A Pilot Study

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