Ultrasonographic Technique and Appearance of Adrenal Gland in Neonatal Foals: A Pilot Study

Beccati, Francesca; Lauteri, Eleonora; Cercone, Marta; Gialletti, Rodolfo

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2017.10.022

Cited by 3 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…8 10 14 17 In fact, in this study, the cross-section of the aorta and the caudal vena cava represented two important markers in the identification of the left and right adrenal glands, respectively. Accordingly with the previous study by Beccati et al, 8 the left adrenal gland was always identified ventrally to the aorta and medially to the kidney, while the right adrenal gland was identified located between the right kidney and the caudal vena cava, in the transversal-oblique plane.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Measurement technique and assessment of measurement reliability A total of 26 two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonographic images of the left and right adrenal glands of 13 neonatal foals (five healthy, eight sick; eight colts and five fillies, ageing from 12 hours to seven days) of various breeds were chosen from a pool of ultrasonographic images previously obtained during the foaling seasons 2014-2016 using the technique described by Beccati et al 8 All the images had been obtained by two diferent operators (FB, EL) with two diferent ultrasonographic machines (Logic C5, GE Healthcare, Milan, Italy; M-Turbo, FUJIFILM Sonosite, Bothell, USA), using a convex electronic transducer (4-5.5 MHz). The less expert operator (EL) had obtained the images after a training period of ive adrenal glands ultrasonographic examination under the guidance of the more expert one (FB).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A single operator (FF) acquired all the images and videos using a convex transducer (1-8 MHz; MyLab Alpha, Esaote, Genova, Italy). The technique described by Beccati et al 8 was employed after a training period of five adrenal glands ultrasound examinations under the guidance of an expert operator (FB). The depth setting had been fixed at 11 cm and maintained for all the foals; other parameters such as focus position and gains were adjusted individually for image optimisation.…”

Section: Ultrasonographic Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 6 Hofmann et al 7 irst obtained and described adrenal gland ultrasonographic images in neonatal foals. Recently, Beccati et al 8 described a simple and non-invasive ultrasonographic technique to image both adrenal glands in a transverse-oblique plan. The structures and the shape of the adrenal glands were assessed and described, although only subjectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The structures and the shape of the adrenal glands were assessed and described, although only subjectively. 8 As far as the authors know, no data have been reported on the objective or quantitative evaluation of the ultrasonographic size of the adrenal glands in neonatal foals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonographic measurement of the adrenal gland in neonatal foals: reliability of the technique and assessment of variation in healthy foals during the first five days of life

et al. 2020

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BackgroundAdrenal gland ultrasonographic measurements are useful in clinical evaluation of patients with adrenal dysfunction in several species. In human healthy neonates, the ultrasonographic size of the adrenal glands decreases during the first days of life. Ultrasonography of adrenal glands was demonstrated to be feasible in neonatal foals. The aims of this study were to describe a technique for ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland size to test its reliability in neonatal foals, and to assess any variation of ultrasonographic measurements during the first five days of life in healthy foals.MethodsFirst, measurements of the adrenal glands were retrospectively obtained by three observers in 26 adrenal gland images of 13 healthy and sick neonatal foals. The interobserver and intraobserver agreement were tested. Later, adrenal gland ultrasonographic images and measurements were acquired by one operator in 11 healthy neonatal foals at one, three and five days of life and differences among the measurements obtained at the different time points were assessed.ResultsInterobserver agreement ranged from fair to excellent (0.48–0.92), except for cortex width (<0.4); intraobserver agreement ranged from good to excellent (0.52–0.98). No significant differences were found among the measurements obtained at one, three and five days of life.ConclusionAdrenal glands ultrasonographic measurements can be obtained consistently in equine neonates, and in contrast to people they do not vary during the first five days of life in healthy foals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ultrasonographic Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonographic measurement of the adrenal gland in neonatal foals: reliability of the technique and assessment of variation in healthy foals during the first five days of life

et al. 2020

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Imaging of the Urinary Tract

Cercone

2022

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice

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Adrenal Gland Ultrasonographic Measurements and Plasma Hormone Concentrations in Clinically Healthy Newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred Foals

Lauteri

Mariella

Beccati

et al. 2021

Animals

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Adrenal hormones, ACTH plasma concentrations and the ultrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands are considered complementary in clinical evaluations of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function in several species. In dogs, age, size and weight have a significant effect on the ultrasonographic size of the adrenal glands. In neonatal foals, ultrasonographic evaluation and measurements of the adrenal glands have been demonstrated to be reliable; however, the effect of individual variables on ultrasonographic features has not been investigated, and the clinical usefulness of adrenal gland ultrasonography is still not known. The aims of this study were: (i) to provide and compare adrenal glands ultrasound measurements in healthy newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals, and assess any effect of age, weight and sex on them; (ii) to assess and compare ACTH and steroid hormone concentrations in healthy neonatal foals of the two breeds. Venous blood samples and ultrasonographic images of the adrenal glands were collected from 10 healthy neonatal Thoroughbred and 10 healthy neonatal Standardbred foals. Ultrasonographic measurements of the adrenal glands were obtained and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), progesterone (P4) and aldosterone plasma concentrations were assessed. The ACTH/cortisol, ACTH/progesterone, ACTH/aldosterone, ACTH/DHEA and cortisol/DHEA ratios were calculated. A significant positive correlation was found between the height of the right adrenal gland and the foal’s weight; the width of the right and left adrenal gland and the medulla was significantly lower in Thoroughbreds than in Standardbreds. Cortisol and ACTH plasma concentrations were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in Thoroughbreds compared with Standardbreds. The cortisol/DHEA ratio was significantly higher in Thoroughbreds. This study provides reference ranges for neonatal Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals, and suggests the presence of breed-related differences in ultrasonographic adrenal gland measurements, plasmatic cortisol and ACTH concentrations. The higher cortisol/DHEA ratio detected in Thoroughbred foals could suggest a different response to environmental stimulation in the two breeds.

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Ultrasonographic Technique and Appearance of Adrenal Gland in Neonatal Foals: A Pilot Study

Cited by 3 publications

References 10 publications

Ultrasonographic measurement of the adrenal gland in neonatal foals: reliability of the technique and assessment of variation in healthy foals during the first five days of life

Ultrasonographic measurement of the adrenal gland in neonatal foals: reliability of the technique and assessment of variation in healthy foals during the first five days of life

Imaging of the Urinary Tract

Adrenal Gland Ultrasonographic Measurements and Plasma Hormone Concentrations in Clinically Healthy Newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred Foals

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