Ultrasonographic tools used in the evaluation of the canine spleen: A review

Maronezi, Marjury Cristina; Feliciano, Marcus Antônio Rossi; Avante, Michelle Lopes; Uscategui, R.A.R.

doi:10.17533/udea.rccp.v30n3a02

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…While it reaches 16±0.1cm in Bengal fox (Firdous and Maya 2013). Regarding the dog, the average splenic length is highly variable according to the different breeds (Maronezi et al 2017). Moreover, this study revealed that the thickness of the red fox's spleen is 0.4-0.5cm at the apex and 0.5-0.6cm at the base.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Moreover, this study revealed that the thickness of the red fox's spleen is 0.4-0.5cm at the apex and 0.5-0.6cm at the base. While in a dog, the maximum thickness of the normal spleen is 1.7cm (Maronezi et al 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The size, shape, echogenicity, and echotexture of the spleen should be evaluated (Mattoon and Nyland 2014). The abnormalities, like splenomegaly along with parenchymatic alterations in echotexture and echogenicity, could be identified by ultrasonography (Maronezi et al 2017). Describing the vascular anatomy of the spleen is paramount for angiologists along with veterinary surgeons (Fouad et al 2018a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical and Ultrasonographical Studies on the Spleen of Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes) from Western Egyptian Desert

2022

Int J Vet Sci

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This study provides preliminary data about anatomical and ultrasonographical features of the spleen in clinically normal red fox, using the distinct orientation of the splenic artery. Six red foxes of both sexes with an average weight of 4-6kg and age range 2-3years were achieved from the Western Egyptian Desert. Trans-abdominal splenic ultrasonography was performed on all foxes with the dorsal recumbent position. The foxes were euthanized by an intravenous overdose of Thiopental sodium. Anatomical dissection was performed on two sacrificed animals while the other four animals were used to describe the arterial architectures (n=two foxes) and angiography (n=two foxes). The splenic parenchyma appeared slightly hyperechoic to isoechoic relative to the adjacent liver. It was hypoechoic to the surrounding fat. The spleen of the red fox had a falciform outline and was located in the left cranial abdominal cavity, beneath the last two ribs just cranial to the left kidney. The red fox's spleen was unique in its relation to the left crus of the diaphragm and the absence of renosplenic ligament. The splenic artery was the last branch of the celiac trunk and was subdivided into two main vessels, dorsal and ventral. These branches entered the spleen through two splenic hila at both extremities. Splenic arteriography revealed an internal link between these vessels but lacked an external connection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical and Ultrasonographical Studies on the Spleen of Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes) from Western Egyptian Desert

2022

Int J Vet Sci

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“…Its portability and easy manipulation also make it easily available for both pet owners and veterinarians [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. When compared to other diagnostic imaging techniques, CEUS also holds several advantages: it is painless, non-toxic, and radiation-free [ 1 , 2 , 14 , 29 ], and it has been described as widely available, easy-to-use, and less expensive than other imaging methods [ 29 ]. It also provides a clear picture of organs that are more difficult to observe on a survey radiograph and B-mode ultrasound, and abdominal CEUS can eliminate the need for other tests such a CT or an MRI [ 18 , 19 , 24 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Ceus Applied For Dogs and Catsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CEUS has been shown to be a particularly valuable tool for splenic analysis, with the ability to determine and monitor alterations in the size, presence, and character of focal lesions, as well as detect specific alterations in its normal vascular pattern [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Indeed, in the last 20 years, the use of CEUS techniques for the examination of the spleen in humans has been increasingly pursued and several guidelines [ 16 ] and specific studies have arisen [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Splenic Studies of Dogs and Cats

Canejo-Teixeira

Lima

Santana

2022

Animals

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Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an emerging technology in veterinary medicine involving the administration of intravenous contrast agents, and it is increasingly recognized for its high potential as a diagnostic imaging tool for small animals. This exam is easy and quick to perform, safe and reliable, and allows for the differentiation of lesions. It permits the identification of lesions that may require more invasive procedures, from those that can be safely dismissed to those that can be followed-up with ultrasound imaging. Although it has been extensively reviewed for use in human medicine, there is an overall lack of information about the application of this technique for cats and dogs, particularly in splenic studies, which can be particularly important for small animals. The present review describes and summarizes the CEUS applications used for splenic analysis in cats and dogs, providing a basic overview of CEUS technology with examples of common and uncommon features of focal splenic lesions. It also systematically gathers the results obtained for benign and malignant splenic lesions described in the literature, whilst providing guidelines for their interpretation. Furthermore, it presents the advantages of using CEUS for splenic analysis in cats and dogs and the main factors that may influence the quality of the imaging and the accuracy of the diagnosis. This type of knowledge can be used to provide a framework to help veterinarians make informed decisions regarding the use of this emerging technique for splenic lesions, guiding their interpretation of CEUS findings in the splenic ultrasounds of cats and dogs.

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Ultrasound features of splenic hemangiosarcoma in dogs: Review

Borrelli Aielo,

Zamian,

Neves

et al. 2023

Pubvet

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A ultrassonografia é um método de diagnóstico por imagem amplamente utilizado na medicina veterinária, dessa forma, permite a avaliação de diversos órgãos em tempo real. A ultrassonografia abdominal é fundamental para avaliar os órgãos abdominais, como o baço, que possui importantes funções no organismo dos animais e é predisposto a vários processos patológicos, dentre eles os neoplásicos. A neoplasia esplênica mais comum é o hemangiossarcoma, que é um tumor originado de células endoteliais dos vasos sanguíneos, altamente maligno e metastático, que ocorre mais frequentemente em cães com idade média de nove a 12 anos, e as raças mais predispostas são Pastor Alemão, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever e Schnauzer. A etiologia do hemangiossarcoma em cães permanece incerta e geralmente os sinais clínicos são inespecíficos, variando conforme o local de origem do tumor primário, com a presença ou ausência de metástases e com a ruptura espontânea do tumor. O diagnóstico dessa afecção é realizado através do histórico e sinais clínicos do paciente, exame físico e exames complementares, sendo assim, o estadiamento clínico permite uma avaliação precisa do estágio da doença do paciente. A ultrassonografia abdominal é importante para detectar hemangiossarcoma esplênico, o qual é identificado por sua ecogenicidade complexa e heterogênea, sendo constituído de áreas anecogênicas, hipoecogênicas e hiperecogênicas, causadas por hemorragia, necrose e tecido fibrótico ou calcificado, e muitas vezes é acompanhado de líquido peritoneal. Além disso, auxilia no direcionamento do tratamento e consequentemente melhora a qualidade de vida do paciente. Porém, o diagnóstico definitivo só pode ser obtido através de análise histopatológica de amostras coletadas por biópsia guiada por ultrassom ou após esplenectomia. Normalmente, o prognóstico do hemangiossarcoma é ruim. O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever as características ultrassonográficas encontradas no hemangiossarcoma esplênico em cães.

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Ultrasonographic tools used in the evaluation of the canine spleen: A review

Cited by 4 publications

References 29 publications

Anatomical and Ultrasonographical Studies on the Spleen of Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes) from Western Egyptian Desert

Anatomical and Ultrasonographical Studies on the Spleen of Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes) from Western Egyptian Desert

Applications of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Splenic Studies of Dogs and Cats

Ultrasound features of splenic hemangiosarcoma in dogs: Review

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