Ultrasonography of the normal reproductive tract of the female domestic cat

Gatel, Laure; Rault, Delphine; Chalvet‐Monfray, Karine; Rooster, H. de; Lévy, X; Chiers, Koen; Saunders, Jimmy

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.10.015

Cited by 12 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, a detailed ultrasound description of follicular growth in queens has been far less reported than that of other species, such as cows for instance (Adams et al., 2008). Transabdominal ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive tract in queens has been performed from the ventral abdomen in dorsal recumbency under sedation (Gatel et al., 2020). Recently, high frequency probes were used to study the ovaries, and the relatively small size of follicles could be measured (Gatel et al., 2020; Malandain et al., 2011); however, the ultrasound detection rate from the ventral abdomen has been reported to be good for follicles, but poor or moderate for CL, even when high‐frequency probes are used (Gatel et al., 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transabdominal ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive tract in queens has been performed from the ventral abdomen in dorsal recumbency under sedation (Gatel et al., 2020). Recently, high frequency probes were used to study the ovaries, and the relatively small size of follicles could be measured (Gatel et al., 2020; Malandain et al., 2011); however, the ultrasound detection rate from the ventral abdomen has been reported to be good for follicles, but poor or moderate for CL, even when high‐frequency probes are used (Gatel et al., 2020). In the present study, therefore, the growth of follicles and CL was observed using ultrasound imaging of the ovaries clamped at a subcutaneous site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been suggested that the current ability of ultrasound findings of ovaries is limited to follicular growth and ovulation during pro‐oestrus and oestrus (Malandain et al., 2011). Moreover, ultrasound echogenicity of corpora lutea is variable and depends on the observation period, thus making sonographic detection difficult (Gatel et al., 2020). However, when ovaries are clamped at a subcutaneous site, their follicular growth can more easily be monitored using ultrasound imaging (Hirata et al., 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vaginal stimulation enhances ovulation of queen ovaries treated using a combination of eCG and hCG

Yoshimura

Taniguchi

Terazono

et al. 2021

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Follicular changes throughout the oestrous phase have been poorly documented in queens because of the location and the small size of ovaries. We investigated follicular development in queens treated with a combination of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and evaluated the effects of vaginal stimulation by a tomcat on ovulation induction. A hormonal treatment was administered using a simple crossover design. Four queens were administered 150 IU of eCG (day 1) and 250 IU of hCG on day 5 and 6. Half of the queens were mated with a vasectomised tomcat for 3 days after hCG injection. Ultrasound imaging of the ovaries clamped at a subcutaneous site was performed once a day from day 1 to 7, and on day 13, and the serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone were examined on day 1, 5, 7 and 13. The mean number of follicles gradually increased with the eCG treatment and decreased after hCG injection. The ovulation rate of follicles was significantly higher in the vaginal stimulation group (70.0%) than in the control group (42.6%). During the hormonal treatments, the serum concentration of oestradiol and progesterone did not differ between the two groups. Ultrasound imaging of the ovaries clamped at a subcutaneous site showed that eCG and hCG treatment promoted the follicular growth and corpus luteum formation, respectively. The combination of hCG injection with vaginal stimulation by a vasectomised tomcat enhanced the ovulation rate of follicles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Vaginal stimulation enhances ovulation of queen ovaries treated using a combination of eCG and hCG

Yoshimura

Taniguchi

Terazono

et al. 2021

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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“…The lumen of the uterus appears as a thin hyper-echoic line. 5 The uterine body leads caudally to the cervix. The cervix is difficult to visualize via ultrasound since it is so far caudal but consists of a thickened muscular area.…”

Section: Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Normal feline reproduction: The queen

Johnson

2022

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Practical relevance: Cats are seasonally polyestrous, meaning they exhibit multiple estrous cycles within a season, followed by a period of non-cyclicity. Cats cycle when the day length is long but can be induced to cycle year-round with 14 h of continuous artificial lighting. The feline estrous cycle includes the following stages: proestrus, estrus, interestrus and, if ovulation occurs, diestrus. Cats are induced ovulators and ovulate in response to multiple natural matings. Successful breeding in a cattery requires knowledge of the female’s reproductive cycle, behavior and management, and often improper management can be the sole cause of infertility. Aim: The aim of this review is to provide readers with an overview of normal anatomy, cyclicity, management and behavior of the queen. It includes a series of questions veterinarians can ask to obtain a baseline knowledge of the management of the specific breeding set-up. Evidence base: The information in this article is based on the author’s experience, as well as drawing on historical and current literature, and provides the most up-to-date review as possible.

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“…[6][7][8] Conversely, ultrasonographic ovarian changes have been scarcely documented in this species. [9][10][11] During the feline estrous cycle, the ovaries and uterus undergo morphological changes under hormonal influences. 12 Studies including both ovarian and uterine ultrasonographic evaluations throughout the estrous cycle are missing, probably due to the small size of these organs in cats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovarian and uterine two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic changes in the feline peri-estrus period

Vercellini

Blanco

Arizmendi

et al. 2021

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic changes of the ovary and uterus during estrus and the early post-estrus period in domestic cats. Methods Two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic evaluations of the ovaries and uterus were performed in seven queens on days 1, 3 and 5 of estrus, and 5 days after estrus (AE5). Results On day 1, 5.4 ± 0.5 follicles of 2.1 ± 0.1 mm were detected progressively increasing in number and size up to day 5 and then decreased on AE5 ( P <0.05). A maximum follicular diameter of 4.1 ± 0.1 mm was achieved on day 5. Both during and after estrus, the uterus was generally hypoechoic compared with the surrounding tissues and delineated by a thin hyperechoic line corresponding to the serosa. In some animals, the uterine layers were distinguished during and after estrus. The blood flow waveforms of the intraovarian and uterine arteries were characterized by a systolic peak and diastolic flow extending throughout the remainder of the cardiac cycle to the next systole. In the uterine artery waveforms, the early diastolic notch was mild or absent during most estrous observations. The resistance index of the intraovarian arteries decreased up to day 5, and then increased on AE5 ( P <0.05). The resistance index of the uterine arteries was lower during estrus than in the post-estrus period ( P <0.05). Conclusions and relevance It is concluded that in the domestic cat, follicular number and diameter as well as ovarian and uterine blood flow changed during and immediately after estrus. Doppler ultrasound proved suitable to evaluate the hemodynamic changes involved in the cyclic remodeling of ovarian and uterine tissues that occurs during and after follicular growth in domestic cats.

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Ultrasonography of the normal reproductive tract of the female domestic cat

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Vaginal stimulation enhances ovulation of queen ovaries treated using a combination of eCG and hCG

Vaginal stimulation enhances ovulation of queen ovaries treated using a combination of eCG and hCG

Normal feline reproduction: The queen

Ovarian and uterine two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic changes in the feline peri-estrus period

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