Ultrasonography of the parathyroid glands as an aid in differentiation of acute and chronic renal failure in dogs

Reusch, Claudia E; Tomsa, Kamil; Zimmer, Cindy; Hoerauf, A; Nett, Claudia; Unterer, Stefan; Glaus, T M; Schlittner, Elisabeth; Pospischil, Andreas

doi:10.2460/javma.2000.217.1849

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Identification of a solitary mass in or near one thyroid lobe supports the presence of an autonomously functioning parathyroid mass if the dog does not have CKD (Reusch et al, 2000).…”

Section: Radiography and Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 86%

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Hypercalcemia and Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Feldman¹

2015

Canine and Feline Endocrinology

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“…Identification of a solitary mass in or near one thyroid lobe supports the presence of an autonomously functioning parathyroid mass if the dog does not have CKD (Reusch et al, 2000).…”

Section: Radiography and Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The parathyroid glands in healthy dogs can be routinely visualized (Wisner et al, 1991;Reusch et al, 2000;Pollard et al, in press). The parathyroid glands in healthy dogs can be routinely visualized (Wisner et al, 1991;Reusch et al, 2000;Pollard et al, in press).…”

Section: Neckmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypercalcemia and Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Feldman¹

2015

Canine and Feline Endocrinology

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“…P‐creatinine is increased in both acute and chronic renal failure, whatever the cause, but one cannot differentiate between them 172,173 . More or less severe increases in P‐creatinine have been reported in various percentages of dogs with urinary disorders.…”

Section: Pathologic Variations In P‐creatininementioning

confidence: 99%

Creatinine in the Dog: A Review

Braun

Lefebvre

Watson

2003

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

189

154

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Creatinine is the analyte most frequently measured in human and veterinary clinical chemistry laboratories as an indirect measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Although creatinine metabolism and the difficulties of creatinine measurement have been reviewed in human medicine, similar reviews are lacking in veterinary medicine. The aim of this review is to summarize information and data about creatinine metabolism, measurement, and diagnostic significance in the dog. Plasma creatinine originates from the degradation of creatine and creatine phosphate, which are present mainly in muscle and in food. Creatinine is cleared by glomerular filtration with negligible renal secretion and extrarenal metabolism, and its clearance is a good estimate of GFR. Plasma and urine creatinine measurements are based on the nonspecific Jaffé reaction or specific enzymatic reactions; lack of assay accuracy precludes proper interlaboratory comparison of results. Preanalytical factors such as age and breed can have an impact on plasma creatinine (P-creatinine) concentration, while many intraindividual factors of variation have little effect. Dehydration and drugs mainly affect P-creatinine concentration in dogs by decreasing GFR. P-creatinine is increased in renal failure, whatever its cause, and correlates with a decrease in GFR according to a curvilinear relationship, such that P-creatinine is insensitive for detecting moderate decreases of GFR or for monitoring progression of GFR in dogs with severely reduced kidney function. Low sensitivity can be obviated by determining endogenous or exogenous clearance rates of creatinine. A technique for determining plasma clearance following IV bolus injection of exogenous creatinine and subsequent serial measurement of P-creatinine does not require urine collection and with additional studies may become an established technique for creatinine clearance in dogs.

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“…The ultrasonographic appearance of the parathyroid glands has been described in animals with hypercalcemia 4–8 and it has been suggested in these papers that normal parathyroid glands in normocalcemic animals are not seen commonly with ultrasonography 6–9 . When seen in a normal patient, the parathyroid glands have been described as being anechoic and measuring about 2 mm wide 6,9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These data are derived from equipment less technically advanced than what is available today. There is one description of the normal canine parathyroid glands 7 ; but the glands were not examined grossly or histologically to confirm that the structures identified were indeed parathyroid glands. Our purpose was to determine the sonographic appearance of confirmed normal canine parathyroid glands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonography of Histologically Normal Parathyroid Glands and Thyroid Lobules in Normocalcemic Dogs

Liles

Linder

Cain

et al. 2010

Veterinary Radiology &Amp; Ultrasound

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The purpose of this study is to characterize the sonographic appearance of canine parathyroid glands using high-resolution ultrasonography. Ten cadaver dogs were studied after euthanasia for reasons not relating to the parathyroid. The cervical region was examined using a 13-5 MHz linear transducer in right and left recumbency. Ultrasonographic features of the parathyroid and thyroid glands were compared with the gross and histopathologic findings. Thirty-five structures were identified sonographically as parathyroid glands but only 26 of 35 glands (74% positive predictive value) were proven to be normal parathyroid glands histopathologically. Of the nine false positives, five (14%) were proven to be lobular thyroid tissue. The remaining four (11%) structures were visible grossly or found histopathologically. There were no statistical differences between ultrasonographic and gross measurements of the parathyroid glands. The average size as seen sonographically was 3.3 x 2.2 x 1.7 mm and the average gross size was 3.7 x 2.6 x 1.6 mm (length, width, height). The average size of the thyroid lobules assessed sonographically was 2.3 x1.6 x 0.8 mm (length, width, height). Normal parathyroid glands can be identified using high-resolution ultrasonography. But some thyroid lobules will be misinterpreted as parathyroid glands; this will result in false positives when identifying parathyroid glands with ultrasonography.

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Ultrasonography of the parathyroid glands as an aid in differentiation of acute and chronic renal failure in dogs

Abstract: In dogs with severe azotemia, ultrasonographic examination of the parathyroid glands was helpful in differentiating ARF from CRF Size of the parathyroid glands appeared to be related to body weight.

Cited by 20 publications

References 8 publications

Hypercalcemia and Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Hypercalcemia and Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Creatinine in the Dog: A Review

Ultrasonography of Histologically Normal Parathyroid Glands and Thyroid Lobules in Normocalcemic Dogs

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