Ultrasound and Microwave Assisted Extraction of Opuntia Fruit Peels Biocompounds: Optimization and Comparison Using RSM-CCD

Abstract

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of bioactive compounds, peels from Opuntia engelmannii cultivar (cv.) Valencia were optimized by response surface methodology. Randomized extraction runs were performed for each of the technologies employed in order to build effective models with maximum (bioactive molecules content and yield) and minimum (antioxidant activity) responses. A 5-level, 4-factor central composite design was used to obtain target responses as a function of extraction time (t), solid to liquid ratio (S/L), methanol concentration (metOH), and temperature (T). Specific response optimization for each technology was analyzed, discussed, and general optimization from all the responses together was also gather. The optimum values for each factor were: t = 2.5 and 1.4 min, S/L = 5 and 5 g/L, metOH = 34.6 and 0% of methanol and T = 30 and 36.6 °C, achieving maximum responses of 201.6 and 132.9 mg of betalains/g, 13.9 and 8.0 mg of phenolic acids/g, 2.4 and 1.5 mg of flavonoids/g, 71.8% and 79.1% of extractable solid and IC50 values for the antioxidant activity of 2.9 and 3.6, for UAE and MAE, respectively. The present study suggested UAE as the best extraction system, in order to maximize recovery of bioactive compounds with a high antioxidant activity.

Effects of Microwave-Assisted Opuntia humifusa Extract in Inhibiting the Impacts of Particulate Matter on Human Keratinocyte Skin Cell

“…According to the results, the MA-OHE presented not only low viscosity, but also enhanced antioxidant capacity (phenolic and flavonoid compounds) relative to raw O. humifusa. As compared with the conventional methods, MA-OHE exhibited several remarkable advantages regarding the yield, viscosity, and antioxidant activity [11,12,17,21]. For illustration, MA-OHE showed a significantly higher yield (33.5%), compared with extracts prepared by conventional methods such as solvent extraction and the hot water method (10.5-23.1%) [11,17].…”

“…While MA-OHE showed similar effects to those of other advanced technologies (e.g., ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)) in terms of yield (UAE: 31.7%) [12], MA-OHE possessed a lower viscosity as compared with the UAE method. This was due to the fact that the acoustic energy (mechanical energy) used in the UAE process was not absorbed by molecules, but was only transmitted throughout the medium [21], whereas the microwave method used high energy to heat molecules by a dual mechanism of ionic conduction and dipole rotation, which reduced the attractive forces between the molecules.…”

“…In fact, microwave energy can affect dipole rotation, subsequently disrupting cell walls and breaking down longer dextran chains, thereby releasing the expected compounds and reducing the viscosity of the extract solution [20,21]. In fact, the microwave-assisted extraction method has been widely utilized for its rapidity and high efficiency [21]. The present study, therefore, aimed to apply microwave assistance in order to reduce the viscosity and enhance the effectiveness of O. humifusa extract.…”

“…Fortunately, it has been reported that microwave treatment can alter the physicochemical properties of gelatinized plant extracts by viscosity reduction, as well as alteration of the crystalline structure, morphology, and molecular weight distribution [19,20]. In fact, microwave energy can affect dipole rotation, subsequently disrupting cell walls and breaking down longer dextran chains, thereby releasing the expected compounds and reducing the viscosity of the extract solution [20,21]. In fact, the microwave-assisted extraction method has been widely utilized for its rapidity and high efficiency [21].…”

Optimization of Extraction Yield and Phytochemical Characterization of Crude Methanolic Extract and Its Fractions of Mitragyna Speciosa Leaves

“…These parameters can be optimized by using mathematical and statistical tool viz. response surface methodology (RSM) where it able to considered interaction effects between parameters at one time compared to classical approach and thus shorten the time by reducing the number of experiments needed [15][16][17] .…”