“…Several recent studies have shown that the principle of HIU to enhance food safety depends on the cavitation effect of creating shock waves, releasing colossal energy, which is manifested by transient locally high temperature (5500°C) and high shear pressures (50–100 MPa), thereby achieving a sterilization effect, or detachment of microorganisms from the food surface (Abrahamsen & Narvhus, 2022; Alzamora et al., 2011; Baboli et al., 2020; Bai, Shi, et al., 2023; Bermudez‐Aguirre & Niemira, 2022; Bhargava et al., 2021; Dumuta et al., 2022; Esua et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2022; McHugh, 2016; Paula Rossi et al., 2021; Rathnakumar et al., 2023; Tahmasebi et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2023). Another possible mechanism involves a chemical principle, which has been attributed to acoustic chemical reactions that form free radicals (hydrogen, hydroxyl, and alkyl radicals), thereby leading to destroyed microorganisms and enzymes (McHugh, 2016; O'Donnell et al., 2010; Rathnakumar et al., 2023; Tahmasebi et al., 2023). Therefore, the specific HIU sterilization principle works by thinning cell walls and perforating cell membranes of the microbes by shear force followed by flow stress acting from inside‐out to disturb the interior structure and inject free radicals into the microbes to destroy the nuclear region (Bai, Shi, et al., 2023; Ma et al., 2023; Yusof et al., 2016).…”