Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the speciation of traces of chromium using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Multiple response optimization of sequential speciation of chromium in water samples by in situ solvent formation dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction prior to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry determination

“…The presented method was compared with the other separation/speciation methods used for the determination of trace levels of Cr species [18,[27][28][29][30][31][32] and the results are given in Table 8. The developed method is comparable to the previously reported methods in terms of low detection limit, simplicity of the procedure, ease of operation, free of organic solvent, robustness against a very high content of salt and low consumption of sample volume.…”

Fast, green and effective chromium bio-speciation using Sepia pharaonis endoskeleton nano-powder

“…This step will also eliminate the matrix effect. Various conventional and recent miniaturized methods such as chemical co-precipitation (Krishna et al 2004;Uluozlu et al 2009) membrane extraction (Safari et al 2013), ion exchanging by resin (Narin et al 2008;Zou et al 2008;Sacmacı et al 2012), cloud point extraction (CPE) (Diniz and Tarley 2015;Wang et al 2010;Matos et al 2009), solid-phase extraction (SPE) (Jia et al 2016;Chen et al 2014;Wu et al 2012;Amin and Kassem 2012) and dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) (López-García et al 2013;Wen et al 2013;Yousefi and Shemirani 2013) have been developed for separation and enrichment of chromium species. Of these methods, SPE is the most widely employed procedure for the study of chromium speciation, particularly in water samples (Das et al 2012).…”

Analytical approaches for the determination of cobalt, nickel and copper by aeration-assisted homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry

“…[21] This technique suffers from some drawbacks such as chemical interference from the sample matrix and high detection limit. In order to overcome these problems, various preconcentration/separation methods including cloud point extraction (CPE), [22] solid-phase extraction (SPE), [23][24][25][26] solid phase microextraction (SPME) [27][28][29][30] and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [30][31][32][33][34] were used. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction (HLLE) method as a sample preparation technique utilizes phase separation phenomenon from a homogeneous solution, and target solutes are extracted into a separated phase.…”