Ultrasound-assisted electrodeposition of composite coatings with particles

Ultrasound-assisted electrodeposition of nickel: Effect of ultrasonic power on the characteristics of thin coatings

“…The QS12 ultrasonic bath was calibrated by the calorimetric method [24][25][26]: for ultrasonic output powers of 60%, 80% and 100%, the estimated ultrasonic power inside the 600 mL beaker, once immersed in the ultrasonic bath and placed in the designated area, was 0.011, 0.124 and 0.180 W/cm 3 , respectively. This set-up (ultrasonic bath) was chosen instead of a different one based on an ultrasonic horn due to different reasons [27]:…”

Ultrasound-assisted electrodeposition of thin nickel-based composite coatings with lubricant particles

“…In relation to the ultrasonic conditions chosen, the effect of ultrasonic frequency and power indeed have a strong influence on the dispersion of particles in the bath and their incorporation into the Ni coatings during the electrodeposition, as discussed in a previous review paper by the authors [9]. Related to the ultrasonic frequency, although both mechanical and chemical effects of the introduction of ultrasound and the presence of acoustic cavitation in a liquid are observed at both low and high frequencies, mechanical effects (e.g.…”

“…The use of ultrasound has already been proved successful in the electrodeposition of Ni composite coatings with embedded particles, not just in terms of improving the dispersion of particles in electroplating baths, but also to enhance the incorporation of well-disperse particles into the coating [9]. Hard particles such as Al2O3 [10], SiC [11] and TiN [12] have been successfully incorporated into Ni coatings electrodeposited from additive-free Watts formulations with the aid of ultrasound, generally resulting in Ni composite coatings with higher incorporation and more uniform distribution of particles.…”

A review on the application of inorganic nanoparticles in chemical surface coatings on metallic substrates

“…The most cost-effective and simple technique involves a proper coating system on the surface of metallic substrates. 2,3,[5][6][7] Numerous techniques, such as electrodeposition, 8,9 electroless plating, 10,11 plasma thermal spraying, 12 chemical conversion coatings, 13,14 gas phase deposition, 15,16 (physical vapour deposition and chemical vapour deposition), ion implantation, 17 laser surface alloying, 18 and organic coatings, 19,20 have been exploited to confer protective surface coatings to an underlying substrate. These coatings supply exciting properties to the underlying substrates via a variety of mechanisms, including the formation of an effective physical barrier to the penetration of corrodents, as an excellent base for both electrophoretic painting and powder coating, reducing wear on the machine elements and moving parts, and aid in the cold forming of steel.…”

“…Moreover, the abovementioned coatings also offer the advantages of improved solderability, electrical conductivity, and decorative appearance. 3,[5][6][7][21][22][23] Therefore, these treatments greatly contribute to the manufacturing as well as play a pivotal role in surface machining systems. Traditionally, many modications, such as pretreatments, post-treatments, and altering the compositions of the treatment bath, for surface coatings on the metallic substrates have been put forth over the decades.…”