Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Ripe Carob Pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.): Combined Designs for Screening and Optimizing the Processing Parameters

Abstract

Carob pulp has recently received great attention due to its considerable content of polyphenols having a wide range of health promoting effects. In this work, ultrasound assisted extraction was optimized sequentially using a screening Plackett–Burman design and non-standard central composite design coupled to response surface methodology and desirability function statistical tools, to find the best conditions for the extraction of nine polyphenols from carob pods. The gathered mathematical models showed that the highest significant factors influencing the extraction of all compounds were solid–solvent ratio, solvent concentration, and particle size, with the optimal results obtained at values of 0.2 g/mL, 40% ethanol, and 0.3 mm, respectively. Extraction temperature, time, sonication power, and frequency were set at 35 °C, 15 min, 100 W, and 37 kHz, respectively. These parameters help to reduce energy costs and to obtain the best possible extraction of polyphenols.

Carob Antioxidants in Human Health: From Traditional Uses to Modern Pharmacology

“…This result is consistent with others that were presented in many publications cited in the review article [178]. However, in recent years there is increasing use of modern extraction techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction [155,156], with super-critical-CO 2 [179],…”

“…The following publications reported known chemical compositions but with special focus: seeds sugar profi le [147], germ proteins and amino acids [148], seed ultrasound-assisted extraction, detailed polyphenols, and fl avonoid compositions, antiglycation and antioxidant (ORAC) activities [149], seeds composition using different extraction techniques, antifungal, and antioxidant (TBARS, OxHLIA) activities [150], previously known phenolics with NMR characterization [151], very detailed composition of phenolics with GS-MS and LC-MS data [152], very detailed mineral content [153], very detailed phenolic content of Rob, with complete data of compounds pKa's and effect of pH on extraction [154], comparison between ultrasound-assisted and classical extraction methods [155,156], relationship between D-Pinitol and glucose contents [157], negative effect of roasting on polyphenols capacity to bind glycoconjugates of bile acids [158], comparison of volatiles content of roasted and unroasted pods, determined by SPME [159].…”

Recovery of Polyphenols Using Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) from Black Rosehip Followed by Encapsulation for Increased Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity

“…In our experimental setting, the solvent-to-solid ratio was adjusted by changing the solid mass while the solvent volume was kept constant. A similar pattern in yield was observed by Clodoveo, Crupi, Muraglia, and Corbo (2022) when the solid–solvent ratio increased in the ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from carob pods using aqueous ethanol as the solvent [ 28 ].…”

Response Surface Methodology Applied to the Optimization of the Preparation of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Extracts from Phragmanthera capitata (Spreng.) Balle: Effect of Particle Size, Powder-to-Solvent Ratio, and Temperature

“…Previously, the extraction parameters of bioactive compounds have been successfully optimized using the RSD-CC method, and some of them are in agreement with our optimized protocol to a lesser extent. Clodoveo et al [ 49 ] found that the maximum polyphenol extraction efficiency from Ceratonia siliqua was achieved under the optimized factor combination of 35°C/15 min, 5 : 1 mL/g water-to-powder ratio, and 0.3 mm powder particle size. The standardized conditions for the extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate peel were found to be extraction room temperature of 28 to 30°C, solid-to-water ratio of 1 : 10, and particle size in the range of 100 to 400 μ m [ 50 ].…”