Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Mushrooms

Abstract

The consumption of mushrooms has considerably increased in recent years because of their beneficial nutritional properties due to their essential amino acids, proteins, and dietary fiber content. Recent research has shown that they are also rich in polysaccharides and phenolic compounds. These compounds exhibit decisive free radical and ROS scavenging power with potential application to the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, they present important properties like antioxidant, antiaging, and immune modulation. In the present research, the optimization for the extraction of total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS), based on ultrasound–assisted techniques has been carried out. Five variables (% MeOH in solvent, extraction temperature, amplitude, cycle, and sample:solvent ratio have been selected; both the total phenolic compounds content as well as the antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS)) have been considered as the response variables. The optimal conditions, determined by means of a multiresponse optimization method, were established at 0.2 g of sample extracted with 15.3 mL of solvent (93.6% MeOH) at 60 °C for 5 min and using 16.86% amplitude and 0.71 s−1 cycles. A precision study of the optimized method has been performed with deviations lower than 5%, which proves the repeatability and precision of the extraction method. Finally, the extraction method has been applied to wild and commercial mushrooms from Andalusia and Northern Morocco, which has confirmed its suitability for the extraction of the phenolic compounds from mushroom samples, while ensuring maximum antioxidant activity.

Antioxidant Properties, Bioactive Compounds Contents, and Chemical Characterization of Two Wild Edible Mushroom Species from Morocco: Paralepista flaccida (Sowerby) Vizzini and Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke

“…Total phenolic contents in the methanolic extract were observed to be significantly important in both tested species, although P. flaccida was shown to have a higher amount, with the value of 32.86 mg GAE/g of dme, which is higher than the previous studies by Heleno et al, (3.60 mg) [ 29 ] and Vaz et al, (10.8 mg in ethanolic extract) [ 30 ] in Lepista inversa . Similarly, L. nuda content (25.52 mg) was noted to be higher than several works from Morocco, Turkey, Portugal and Turkey, with values of 11.83, 7.7, 6.31, and 4.18 mg GAE/g of dme, respectively [ 25 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], which was close to the amount in the given results in the Argentinian (27.34 mg) [ 34 ] and the Indian mushrooms (23.77 mg) [ 35 ].…”

“…Due to its special fragrance and delicate texture, L. nuda has been cultivated in several countries, including France, Holland, Britain, and Taiwan [ 21 ]. In Morocco, L. nuda has been found widely under Quercus , Cedrus , and Pinus trees in several sites, including Chefchaouen, Dardara, Oued Laou, Bouhachem, Gourougou, Ain Sferjla, Oued Cherrat, Lalla Mimouna, Mamora, Rabat and also in coastal plateau from Essaouira to Tangier [ 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

“…Many studies on the chemical compositions and biological activities of mushrooms have been made in northern Mediterranean countries concerning the species growing in this region. However, as far as we know, there are few studies on mushrooms in southern countries, especially in Morocco, which is considered one of the richest Mediterranean countries in terms of biodiversity [ 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

“…Several studies have been carried out on the chemical compositions and biological activities of L. nuda [ 2 , 22 ], while few data were reported about P. flaccida which were in the case of inversa form [ 2 , 28 ]. However, as we know no studies were reported on these two species growing in Morocco, except one study which was performed on the total phenolic and antioxidant activity of L. nuda collected from Natural Parc of Bouhachem [ 25 ].…”

Antioxidant activity and phenolic acid constituents of two andean Hypericum L. species from Colombia

“…The cationic radical ABTS •+ was generated through an oxidation reaction of ABTS with potassium persulfate. The ability of the samples to trap the ABTS radical was evaluated by means of the decrease in the absorbance after 30 min of reaction at a wavelength of 732 nm (24). Results were expressed as μmol of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/g of extract by constructing a standard curve using Trolox as an antioxidant.…”