Ultrasound-Assisted Ion-Pair Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Trace Amounts of Lead in Water Samples Prior to Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Determination

Abstract

A new ion-pair dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method is described for separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of lead in different water samples. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used for determination of lead. The ion association complex between lead and iodide ions that forms is PbI4(-2)-tetradecyl-dimethylbenzylammonium, which is extracted into fine droplets of chlorobenzene. In order to reach the optimized experimental conditions, the influence of different parameters, such as concentration of KI, nature and volume of extraction solvents, pH effect, extraction time, and the period and speed of sonication and centrifugation, were optimized. The LOD was 0.08 ng/mL and the linear dynamic range was 0.20-8.0 ng/mL in initial solution with a correlation coefficient of 0.9985. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factor was 555.5. The proposed method was successfully applied for separation and determination of lead in sea, rain, river, and drinking water samples.

Determination of N‐nitrosamines by automated dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction integrated with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

“…The most important experimental parameters of DLLME are the extraction and dispersive solvents. There are specific criteria for choosing the best extraction solvent such as: (i) density (lower or higher than that of water, as desired or preferred, since the former type is considered more environment friendly), (ii) low solubility in water, (iii) the capability of extracting analytes from an aqueous sample, (iv) efficient dispersibility of the solvent, and (v) good chromatographic behavior . The main criterion of a suitable dispersive solvent should be its miscibility with both the extraction solvent and aqueous sample .…”

“…Recently, reviews summarizing DLLME applications and advances of the procedure have been published. The advantages of DLLME are that it is relatively very fast, is economical, and can achieve high enrichment factors when compared with most other extraction and microextraction methods .…”

One-step determination of lead over a higher linear range by an artificial neural network after air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to flame atomic absorption spectrometry

“…5 The development of sample pretreatment approaches involving the minimization of solvent consumption and waste generation, as well as the integration of steps, is one of the main objectives pursued in green analytical chemistry. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Rezaee et al 15 introduced the technique of dispersive liquidliquid microextraction (DLLME) for the extraction of organic compounds in 2006. DLLME consists of a miniaturization of the LLE, which results in a drastic reduction of the extraction phase volume (usually an organic solvent).…”

Supramolecular solvent dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating drop and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of trace lead in food and water samples

“…Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) is a powerful analytical tool for the determination of trace elements in environmental samples. 7,8 However, the direct determination of Pb in food and water samples by GFAAS is usually difficult due to the low concentration levels of Pb and the high levels of matrices. 9 In order to achieve accurate and reliable analytical results, an initial sample pretreatment for the preconcentration of analytes and the separation of matrices is oen necessary.…”