Ultrasound Based Sensor for Fat Detection in Fresh Milk

Luca, Michele De; Santonico, Marco; Pennazza, Giorgio; Iarossi, Sergio

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3860-1_89

“…Ultrasound techniques are well-developed instruments used for non-destructive, accurate, and non-invasive measurements [108,109]. In the dairy industry, ultrasound is widely used both for non-destructive monitoring of the quality and parameters of milk [37,[110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118], and in the ultrasonic processing of dairy products [110,119,120]. In the first case, low-intensity ultrasound (less than 1 W/cm 2 ) is used at frequencies above 100 kHz, which is a non-destructive instrument for milk characterization.…”

Section: Ultrasound Approaches and Techniques For Milk Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Composites

2021

0

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“…Ultrasound techniques are well-developed instruments used for non-destructive, accurate, and non-invasive measurements [108,109]. In the dairy industry, ultrasound is widely used both for non-destructive monitoring of the quality and parameters of milk [37,[110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118], and in the ultrasonic processing of dairy products [110,119,120]. In the first case, low-intensity ultrasound (less than 1 W/cm 2 ) is used at frequencies above 100 kHz, which is a non-destructive instrument for milk characterization.…”

Section: Ultrasound Approaches and Techniques For Milk Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk as a Complex Multiphase Polydisperse System: Approaches for the Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis

Smirnova

¹

,

Коноплев

²

,

Mukhin

³

et al. 2020

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Milk is a product that requires quality control at all stages of production: from the dairy farm, processing at the dairy plant to finished products. Milk is a complex multiphase polydisperse system, whose components not only determine the quality and price of raw milk, but also reflect the physiological state of the herd. Today’s production volumes and rates require simple, fast, cost-effective, and accurate analytical methods, and most manufacturers want to move away from methods that use reagents that increase analysis time and move to rapid analysis methods. The review presents methods for the rapid determination of the main components of milk, examines their advantages and disadvantages. Optical spectroscopy is a fast, non-destructive, precise, and reliable tool for determination of the main constituents and common adulterants in milk. While mid-infrared spectroscopy is a well-established off-line laboratory technique for the routine quality control of milk, near-infrared technologies provide relatively low-cost and robust solutions suitable for on-site and in-line applications on milking farms and dairy production facilities. Other techniques, discussed in this review, including Raman spectroscopy, atomic spectroscopy, molecular fluorescence spectroscopy, are also used for milk analysis but much less extensively. Acoustic methods are also suitable for non-destructive on-line analysis of milk. Acoustic characterization can provide information on fat content, particle size distribution of fat and proteins, changes in the biophysical properties of milk over time, the content of specific proteins and pollutants. The basic principles of ultrasonic techniques, including transmission, pulse-echo, interferometer, and microbalance approaches, are briefly described and milk parameters measured with their help, including frequency ranges and measurement accuracy, are given.

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“…18,21,22 Ultrasonic attenuation describes the decay of the amplitude of the ultrasonic wave traveled over distance, which represents the imaginary part of compressibility [17][18][19]21 and is determined by the scattering effects in dispersions and by fast relaxation processes. In the past the ultrasonic technique was successfully applied for measurement of the concentration of liquids, 17,[23][24][25][26][27] including real time on-line measurements. 20,[28][29][30][31] However, for a long time the resolution of measurements of ultrasonic parameters with commercial equipment was limited (0.5 m s À1 approximately for ultrasonic velocity), which did not allow precision monitoring of evolution of the concentration of components in mixtures (typically the resolution at a concentration of 0.5% w/w).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%