Ultrasound Doppler Probing of Flows Transverse with Respect to Beam Axis

Newhouse, V.L.; Censor, D.; Vontz, T.; Cisneros, José A.; Goldberg, Barry B.

doi:10.1109/tbme.1987.325920

Cited by 165 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The relation of Doppler spectra to beam geometry has been discussed recently [2], [3] on the basis of ray geometrical considerations. Recently, it has been shown experimentally [4] and verified theoretically [6] that for beam axis and flow at right angles the amplitude Doppler spectrum produced by a uniformly insonified aperture of a long strip transducer possesses a triangular profile, and that the edge frequencies of the spectrum profile, which are relatively easy to measure, are related to the velocity by means of a simple formula.…”

Section: Theory Of Ultrasound Doppler-spectra Velocimetry For Arbitramentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theory of Ultrasound Doppler-Spectra Velocimetry for Arbitrary Beam and Flow Configurations

Censor

Newhouse²

1986

IEEE 1986 Ultrasonics Symposium

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Abstract-In conventional ultrasound Doppler systems, the velocity component along the beam axis is derived from the observed frequency shift. Recently, it was verified that by using a pulsed-Doppler system with the beam transversely oriented with respect to the flow, the velocity component transverse to the beam can be derived from the edges of the spectrum. Presently, these results are generalized to take into account arbitrary angles of incidence, effects of velocity gradients, arbitrary apertures, and arbitrary source pulses. For uniform apertures and transverse flow, it has been previously shown that the Doppler output spectrum is symmetrical about zero frequency, with its width depending on the Doppler effect due to the transverse velocity and the geometry of the problem. For a beam direction oblique to the velocity, it is shown that the spectrum is now shifted, and is centered about the classical Doppler frequency. It is shown here that for velocity gradients and transverse flows the spectrum remains symmetrical, with the edges corresponding to the maximal velocity; however, the profile becomes peaked at the center. For oblique incidence, an asymmetrical spectrum is obtained and its edges are related to the maximal and minimal velocities within the sampling volume.For the simple case of a long strip transducer discussed previously, it was shown that the Doppler system output spectrum is essentially obtained by convolving the transmitter and receiver aperture functions. The general discussion given here, even for the single particle, is more complicated. Nevertheless, using the reciprocity theorem it is shown that the output spectrum is obtained by convolving the particle excitation spectrum due to monochromatic excitation, with the receiver input spectrum due to a moving monochromatic source, all this shifted to the classical Doppler frequency mentioned above. It is shown that when the excitation possesses an arbitrary (narrow band) spectrum, this spectrum, replicated in a prescribed manner, has to be convolved with the spectra derived above. Following the single scatterer analysis, the effects produced by an ensemble of particles are considered. Numerical computations of theoretical results are given, supporting the semi-quantitative graphical interpretations for various configurations. To further substantiate the results analytical treatments of simplified models are given.The results contribute to our understanding of Doppler spectra and their use, mainly in medical ultrasound diagnostics.

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Section: Theory Of Ultrasound Doppler-spectra Velocimetry For Arbitramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously [6], transverse motion and constant velocity have been assumed. Furthermore, in the past only monochromatic (CW) signals were considered, which is adequate for very long pulses (i.e., pulses containing many cycles of the carrier wave).…”

Section: (2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of Ultrasound Doppler-Spectra Velocimetry for Arbitrary Beam and Flow Configurations

Censor

Newhouse²

1986

IEEE 1986 Ultrasonics Symposium

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“…Fox [4] suggested a multibeam method, Trahey et al [5] a speckle tracking technique, Newhouse et al [6] an approach based on the transit-time spectral broadening effect, and Bonnefous [7] suggested using a number of beamformers working in parallel. Another method is the directional beamforming suggested by Jensen [8] or the Plane Wave Excitation method as recently suggested by Udesen et al [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of the Transverse Oscillation method using beamformed data from a commercial scanner

Pihl

Nikolov²,

Haugaard³

et al. 2009

2009 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium

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Abstract-Blood velocity estimates using conventional color flow imaging (CFI) or Doppler techniques are angle dependent. One of the proposed techniques to overcome this limitation is the Transverse Oscillation (TO) method, which also estimates the lateral velocity components. The performance of this is evaluated on a commercial platform. Beamformed data are acquired using a commercial BK Medical scanner as opposed to the previously reported results obtained with the experimental scanner RASMUS. The implementation is evaluated using an in-house circulating flow rig by calculating the relative mean standard deviation and bias of the velocity components. The relative mean standard deviation decreases as the number of shots per estimate increases and a value of 5% is obtained for 64 shots per estimate. For a center frequency of 5 MHz at 60• , 75• , and 90• , the relative mean bias varies from 21% to 27% and is lowest at a transmit focal depth close to the center of the vessel. The present performance is comparable with the results from the experimental scanner and simulations. It is obtained with only few changes to the conventional CFI setup and further optimization can improve the performance. This illustrates the feasibility of implementing the TO method on a commercial platform for real-time estimation.

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“…Introduction of a lateral oscillation has also been suggested so that the phase shift in the lateral directions also can be found using a modified autocorrelation method [8], [9]. Several other methods have been suggested [10], [11], but none have so far yielded a satisfactory performance to be commercially implemented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of velocity vector angles using the directional cross-correlation method

Kortbek

Jensen

2006

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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Ultrasound Doppler Probing of Flows Transverse with Respect to Beam Axis

Cited by 165 publications

References 15 publications

Theory of Ultrasound Doppler-Spectra Velocimetry for Arbitrary Beam and Flow Configurations

Theory of Ultrasound Doppler-Spectra Velocimetry for Arbitrary Beam and Flow Configurations

Performance of the Transverse Oscillation method using beamformed data from a commercial scanner

Estimation of velocity vector angles using the directional cross-correlation method

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